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Lets Talk About

SEX

1. What is Human Sexuality? 2. Male & Female Anatomy 3. Physiology & Sexual Response

4. Love & Attraction


5. Relationships, Communication & Intimacy

6. Sexual Orientation & Atypical Behavior


7. STIs 8. Conception, Pregnancy & Childbirth 9. Birth Control 10.Sexual Coercion & Assault (SACE)

What is Human Sexuality?

Make-up Of An Individuals Unique Sexual Being:

o o o o o

physical psychological social cultural spiritual

Five Features of Sexuality:

o o o o o

Sensuality Intimacy Sexual Identity Reproduction Sexualization

SENSUALITY
awareness and acceptance of our own body

o o o o o o

knowledge of anatomy & physiology understanding sexual response body image satisfaction of skin hunger attraction template fantasy

INTIMACY
experiencing emotional closeness to another

o o o o o

caring sharing risk taking vulnerability self disclosure

SEXUAL IDENTITY
process of discovering who we are in terms of sexuality

o o o o o o

gender roles orientation self esteem & confidence level relationships with family & friends roles as child & adult perception of self as male/female

REPRODUCTION
values, attitudes & behaviors relating to reproduction

o o o o o

contraception & fertility issues lifestyles STIs (including AIDS) anatomy & physiology morality issues

SEXUALIZATION
use of sexuality to influence, control or manipulate

o o o o o o

style of dress appearance & body language advertising movies, talk shows & media harassment & sexual assault paraphilias (voyeurism, exhibitionism)

Values
VALUES: the qualities in life which are deemed important or unimportant, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable MORAL VALUES: relate to our conduct with and treatment of other people, more than just right or wrong, looks at the whole picture

Values
SEXUAL MORAL VALUES: relate to the rightness and wrongness of sexual conduct and when and how sexuality should be expressed SOURCES OF SEXUAL VALUES: we acquire our sexual values from our social environment

Research Founders
SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939) Austrian physician
Personality theory based on sex drive as our principle motivating force

Research Founders
ALFRED KINSEY (1894-1956): American zoologist
First comprehensive survey ~ interviewed 12,000 subjects

Research Founders
WILLIAM MASTERS & VIRGINIA JOHNSON (1960s):
Lab observations of 700 subjects to study human sexual response stages

Female Anatomy

MONS VENERIS: fatty tissue that covers the joint of the pubic bones in front of the body, below the abdomen cushions a womans body during sexual intercourse, protecting her and her partner from the pressure against the pubic bone

LABIA MAJORA: large folds of skin that run downward from the mons along the sides of the vulva amply supplied with nerve endings that respond to stimulation shield the inner portions of the female genitals

LABIA MINORA: hairless, light colored membranes located between the labia majora they surround the urethral and vaginal opening at the top, they join at the hood of the clitoris highly sensitive to sexual stimulation darken and swell when stimulated

CLITORIS: female sex organ located above the urethral opening serves no known function other than sexual pleasure

PREPUCE:
hood that covers the clitoris

URETHRAL OPENING: opening through which urine passes from the females body VAGINAL OPENING: lies below and is larger than the urethral opening, covered by a hymen

HYMEN: fold of tissue across the vaginal opening that is usually present at birth and remains at least partially intact until a woman engages in coitus PUBO COCCYGEUS MUSCLE: muscles that encircle the entrance to the vagina (Kegel exercises)

VAGINA:

usually 3 to 5 inches long extends back and upward from the vaginal opening menstrual flow and babies pass from the uterus through the vagina during coitus, the penis is contained within the vagina

CERVIX:
is the lower end of the uterus its walls, like the vagina, produce secretions that contribute to the chemical balance of the vagina the opening in the middle of the cervix, called the os, is normally the width of a straw os expands to permit passage of a baby during childbirth

UTERUS (aka WOMB):

the organ in which a fertilized egg implants and develops until birth ENDOMETRIUM: innermost layer of tissue which is discharged during menstruation tissue may grow in the abdominal cavity or elsewhere ~ Endometriosis

OVARIES (2): almond shaped organs, each about 1.5 inches long produce egg cells (ova) and female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone

Male Anatomy

PENIS:
male organ of sexual intercourse contains the opening through which semen and urine pass CORPUS CAVERNOSUM (2):

cylinders of spongy tissue in the penis that become congested with blood and stiffen during sexual arousal

SCROTUM:
pouch of loose skin that becomes covered lightly with hair at puberty consists of two compartments which hold the testes TESTES (2): produce germ cells (sperm) and male sex hormone testosterone

TESTOSTERONE:
stimulates prenatal differentiation of male sex organs, sperm production and development of secondary sex characteristics (ex. beard, deep voice) VAS DEFERENS (2): thin cylindrical tube about 16 inches long that serves as a conduit for sperm

SEMINAL VESICLES (2): small glans each about 2 inches long lie behind the bladder and open into the ejaculatory ducts, where the fluids they secrete combine with sperm the fluid they produce nourishes sperm and helps them become active

PROSTATE GLAND:
lies beneath the bladder contains muscle fibers and glandular tissue that secrete prostatic fluid which is milky and alkaline provides the characteristic texture and odor of the seminal fluid the alkalinity neutralizes some of the acidity of the vaginal tract, prolonging the life span of sperm as it passes through the female reproductive system

COWPERS GLANDS (2):


lie below the prostate empty their secretion into the urethra during sexual arousal they secrete a drop or so of clear, slippery fluid that appears at the urethral opening

SEMEN:

made up of fluids from the seminal vesicles, prostate gland and Cowpers glands about 70% of the ejaculate is secreted by the seminal vesicle the other 30% consists of sperm and fluids from the prostate gland and Cowpers gland sperm only accounts for 1% of semen ejaculate = 200 - 400 million sperm

Physiology & Sexual Response

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENSTRUATION: the cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining humans ~ averages 28 days regulated by estrogen & progesterone ovulation may not occur each time follows ovulation by 14 days (2)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENARCHE:

the onset of menstruation, the first period the first few years of menstruation may be anovulatory (no ovulation)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MENOPAUSE:

the cessation of menstruation commonly occurs between the ages of 45 & 50 and lasts 2 years estrogen levels drop producing many unpleasant side effects (ex. night sweats, hot flashes)

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
MAN-OPAUSE (?):

men cannot undergo menopause because they have never menstruated they can experience a gradual decline in testosterone levels but it is unlike the sharp decline of estrogen

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
DYSMENORRHEA:
mild to severe pain or discomfort during menstruation pelvic cramps, nausea, headaches, backaches, bloating

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS): symptoms that regularly afflict many women during the four to six days prior to menstruation each month combination physical & psychological ex. anxiety, depression, irritability, weight gain, abdominal pain

MENSTRUAL CYCLE
SEX DURING MENSTRUATION: no evidence that sex during menstruation is physically harmful many couples continue to engage in sex while others abstain may be helpful in relieving cramps by dispelling blood congestion

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
ERECTION: the enlargement and stiffening of the penis as a consequence of filling with blood (a spinal reflex) can double in length and become firm in a matter of 10-15 seconds bladder closes off during arousal

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
EJACULATION: expulsion of semen from tip of penis a spinal reflex triggered when sexual stimulation reaches the threshold often, but not always, occurs together with orgasm (subjective sensations) occurs in two stages

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
STAGE 1 ~ EMISSION: involves contractions of the prostate gland, seminal vesicles & vas deferens forces seminal fluid into a small tube called the urethral bulb which closes at both ends, trapping the fluid

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
STAGE 2 ~ EXPULSION: propulsion of seminal fluid through the urethra and out of the urethral opening at the tip of the penis the muscles at the base of the penis contract rhythmically, expelling semen usually accompanied by orgasm

SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
RETROGRADE EJACULATION: ejaculate empties into the bladder rather than being expelled result is a dry orgasm usually harmless as the semen is later expelled during urination but may have an underlying health risk cause

SEXUAL RESPONSE
APHRODISIAC:

a substance that arouses or increases ones capacity for sexual pleasure no foods have been shown to be sexually stimulating Spanish Fly is a toxic irritant basic fuel of desire = testosterone

SEXUAL RESPONSE
PHEROMONES: chemical substances secreted externally which are odorless detected through a sixth sense triggering sexual behavior in many organisms contained in vaginal secretions & urine

SEXUAL RESPONSE
ORGASM: the climax of sexual excitement similar physiological response to sexual stimulation for men and women described by Kaplan as a three-stage model of sexual response

KAPLANS MODEL
STAGE 1 ~ DESIRE: the drive & interest level for sexual activity which arises in the brain testosterone is the key hormone for desire level in both men & women strengthened by fantasy & stimulation

KAPLANS MODEL
STAGE 2 ~ EXCITEMENT: increased muscle tension, heart rate & blood pressure women engorged clitoris, labia & vagina, vaginal lubrication men penile erection, enlargement & elevation of testes, Cowpers secretion

KAPLANS MODEL
STAGE 3 ~ ORGASM: involuntary muscle spasms throughout body, mostly in vagina & penis blood pressure, heart rate & respiration peak slightly longer duration for females

MASTURBATION
sexual self-stimulation either manual or with the aid of an artificial device such as a vibrator physically & psychologically harmless negative attitudes may be associated reasons: relieve sexual tension, for physical pleasure, to relax, partner unavailable, to get to sleep

LOVE & ATTRACTION

ATTRACTION
minimal standards for attractiveness? beauty in the eye of the beholder? do men prefer big breasts? opposites attract? should I put on a happy face? what do you look for long-term? the matching hypothesis

ATTRACTION
MINIMAL STANDARDS FOR ATTRACTIVENESS
o sensitivity, warmth and intelligence ARE NOT more important to us o research shows that attractiveness is the key factor when choosing a partner

ATTRACTION
EYE OF THE BEHOLDER
o broad agreement among cultures that

we all want physically attractive partners o many men prefer women to be less slender than many women think o many men prefer a bust size smaller than what women think

ATTRACTION
DO OPPOSITES ATTRACT?
o we are drawn to those with similar attitudes, background & tastes o match made in the neighborhood, not in heaven o women place more value on similar attitude, men on physical attraction

ATTRACTION
COME ON, SMILE
o a smile DOES make you more attractive o both genders rated a smiling photo more attractive than a non-smiling pose o more true for photos of women than photos of men

ATTRACTION
LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS
o physical attraction was rated lower for men

& women when discussing long-term relationship appeal o warmth, honesty, sensitivity & faithfulness ranked higher o single most important quality - HONESTY

ATTRACTION
MATCHING HYPOTHESIS
o who is right for you? o people tend to develop romantic relationships with people who are similar to themselves o motive for seeking matches seems to be fear of rejection by more appealing people

ATTRACTION TEMPLATE
WHAT SOCIETY SAYS NICE IF SHOULD

MUST

LOVE
STYLES OF LOVE
romantic love game-playing love friendship logical love possessive / excited love selfless love

LOVE
ROMANTIC LOVE:
lust similar to our concept of passion my lover fits my ideal my lover & I were attracted to one another immediately

LOVE
GAME-PLAYING LOVE:
the chase is most important I get over affairs pretty easily I keep my lover up in the air about my commitment

LOVE
FRIENDSHIP:
respect, intimacy loving attachment with nonsexual affection the best love grows out of an enduring friendship

LOVE
LOGICAL LOVE:
practical I consider my lovers potential in life before committing myself I consider whether my lover will be a good parent

LOVE
POSSESSIVE / EXCITED LOVE:
passion I get so excited about my love that I cannot sleep when my lover ignores me I get sick all over

LOVE
SELFLESS LOVE:
similar to generosity & charity I would do anything I can to help my lover my lovers needs & wishes are more important than my own unhealthy if only one partner

TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE

THREE COMPONENTS OF LOVE


INTIMACY: the experience of warmth toward another person that arises from feelings of closeness, bondedness & connectedness to the other PASSION: an intense romantic or sexual desire for another person, which is accompanied by physical arousal COMMITMENT / DECISION: a component of love that involves both short and long-term issues

(CONSUMMATE)

PASSION

NON LOVE

all three components of love are absent Most of our personal relationships are of this type Casual acquaintances that do not involve any elements of love

LIKING= INTIMACY ONLY


A loving experience with another person or friendship in which intimacy is present but passion & commitment are not

INFATUATION= PASSION ONLY


Passionate, obsessive love at first sight without intimacy or commitment

EMPTY LOVE= COMMITMENT ONLY


Decision to love each other without intimacy or passion Includes stagnant relationships that no longer involve emotional intimacy or physical attraction

ROMANTIC LOVE= INTIMACY & PASSION


Lovers physically & emotionally attracted to each other but without commitment Includes a summer romance

COMPANIONATE LOVE= INTIMACY & COMMITMENT

Long-term committed friendship such as a marriage in which the passion has faded

FATUOUS LOVE= PASSION & COMMITMENT


Commitment based on passion but without the time for intimacy to develop Includes a whirlwind courtship

CONSUMMATE LOVE
The full or complete measure of love Involving the combination of passion, intimacy & commitment / decision Many of us strive to achieve this love Maintaining this love is even more difficult than achieving it

INTIMACY RELATIONSHIPS & COMMUNICATION

A COUPLES JOURNEY HOW A RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPS

the road is long


FIVE STAGES
ROMANCE POWER STRUGGLE STABILITY COMMITMENT CO-CREATION

COUPLES JOURNEY
ROMANCE we sense our possibilities & create a shared vision

COUPLES JOURNEY
POWER STRUGGLE we learn to recognize and validate differing needs and perceptions we learn to say who we are & what we want should be symmetrical, parallel, complimentary

COUPLES JOURNEY
STABILITY learn to take responsibility & expand our senses of identity through dialogue with each other our differences are OK we each have our strengths

COUPLES JOURNEY
COMMITMENT experience ourselves as interdependent ~ we learn to live with impossibility & unsolvable problems

MYTHS OF LONG-TERM RELATIONSHIPS


Relationships will make you feel complete Your partner should change for you if s/he really loves you If you truly love each other, romance should continue Your partner should understand you Any differences should always be settled In a good relationship, you have identical dreams & goals A relationship must be stable in order to be healthy The more open you are with your partner, the more satisfying the relationship will be If you are not fulfilled, your relationship must be at fault Sexual disinterest is inevitable in a long-term relationship

HOW MARRIED PEOPLE MET THEIR PARTNER


(MICHAEL ET AL., 1994)

M utual Friends

13 15

5 35

S elf Introductions

Family M embers

32

Co-w orkers, Classmates or Neighbors Other

JEALOUSY
the green-eyd monster Shakespeare evidence of jealousy in all cultures can impair a relationship by producing feelings of mistrust or possessiveness fear of losing the loved one, anger may lead to depression, spousal abuse, suicide or even murder in mild forms, can reveal how much you care

JEALOUSY
may derive from low self-esteem these people are often overly dependent on their partner fear that they will not find another partner for women, feelings of inadequacy lead to feelings of jealousy for men, jealousy leads to inadequacy can lead to perceiving anyone as a rival

JEALOUSY
unfortunately, many lovers play games they let their partner know they are attracted to other people they flirt openly with others they may make up stories to get more attention from their partner, to inflict pain, or to take revenge

LONELINESS
many people experience loneliness, sometimes even in a relationship loneliness can cause depression, anxiety & withdrawal from social activities lonely people tend to have several of the following characteristics:

LONELY PEOPLE
lack of social skills lack of interest in other people lack of empathy fear of rejection failure to disclose personal information to potential friends cynical about human nature demanding too much too soon general pessimism

REDUCE LONELINESS
CHALLENGE FEELINGS OF PESSIMISM
adopt the attitude that things happen for you when you make them happen make a plan for your future & start with small steps, one day at a time remind yourself of all the things you can be grateful for in your life

REDUCE LONELINESS
CHALLENGE YOUR CYNICISM ABOUT HUMAN NATURE
yes, lots of people are selfish & not worth knowing but, if you assume all people are like that you are doomed to loneliness find people who have the qualities that you value ~ they are out there!

REDUCE LONELINESS
FAILURE OF RELATIONSHIPS IS NO REASON FOR GIVING UP
yes, a break-up can be awful & social rejection can be painful face it, we are not going to appeal to everyone & must learn to live with rejection keep looking for those people that have qualities which you value

REDUCE LONELINESS
IMPROVE YOUR DATE-SEEKING SKILLS
sit with people in the cafeteria instead of by yourself in a corner SMILE and say hi to people that interest you practice opening lines in front of a mirror

REDUCE LONELINESS
MAKE SOCIAL CONTACTS
join committees attend recreational activities go to church join social action groups such as community betterment or environmental help out at your local animal shelter go to drop-in centres

REDUCE LONELINESS
BECOME A GOOD LISTENER
ask people how theyre doing ask for their opinion about events & activities actually listen to what they say before you plan your response tolerate different opinions no two people will have identical perspectives

REDUCE LONELINESS
REMEMBER THAT YOU ARE WORTHY OF FRIENDS
yup, warts & all, you can be a good friend none of us is perfect (or even close to it) we are all unique & you may connect with more people than you imagine give people a chance!

INTIMACY
involves feelings of emotional closeness & connectedness with another person desire to share each others innermost thoughts & feelings mutual trust, caring & acceptance does not have to be sexual (ex. friends, family that you are very close to)

INTIMACY
REQUIRES: knowing & liking yourself trusting & caring being honest making a commitment maintaining individuality communicating

INTIMACY
KNOWING & LIKING YOURSELF:
coming to know & value yourself is important to build intimacy with others know your innermost needs & feelings develop the security to share those feelings

INTIMACY
TRUSTING & CARING: with trust comes feelings of security to disclose information & feelings trust builds gradually as partners learn whether or not it is safe to share caring is an emotional bond involves meeting each others needs

INTIMACY
BEING HONEST: involves sharing freely & openly does not mean partners must tell each other everything, but there is a healthy balance of revealing information total honesty can be devastating to a relationship, especially when it comes to past relationships or criticism

INTIMACY
MAKING A COMMITMENT: requires commitment to maintain the relationship through good times & bad does not mean that the relationship must be lifelong the couple commits to work together to overcome problems instead of running at the first sign of trouble

INTIMACY
MAINTAINING INDIVIDUALITY:
when the I becomes we neither partner should take on the personality of the other person each partner should maintain their interests, goals, needs, likes & dislikes

INTIMACY
COMMUNICATING: good communication means sending & receiving messages with your partner requires good listening & clear speaking is not always verbal

COMMUNICATION
PROBLEMS:
speaker may use words differently than the listener, leading to misunderstanding speakers words may not match his or her tone of voice, facial expression, or body gestures speaker may not be able to put into words what he or she truly means or feels

COMMUNICATION
NONVERBAL:
feelings are also expressed through tone of voice, gestures, body posture & facial expressions touching the arm, gazing into the eyes, hugging, holding, speaking softly or speaking forcefully

COMMUNICATION
ACTIVE LISTENING: first, adopt the attitude that you might actually learn something! when the other person is speaking, show that you understand their ideas & feelings ask questions to help clarify try to grasp the meaning the speakers words instead of planning your next line

COMMUNICATION
PROVIDING INFORMATION: your partner cannot read your mind! take the opportunity to tell your partner that s/he has done something right when giving criticism, focus on the problem without causing guilt or fear do not give ultimatums unless youll follow through with it

SEXUAL ORIENTATION & ATYPICAL BEHAVIOR

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
the direction of ones sexual interests can be toward members of the same gender, opposite gender or both genders

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
HETEROSEXUAL

attraction & preference for romantic relationships with other gender


HOMOSEXUAL

attraction & preference for romantic relationships with same gender

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
BISEXUAL attraction & interest for romantic relationships with both genders DID YOU KNOW sexual feelings involving people of ones own gender are common in adolescence & do not mean that one will be gay in adulthood?

SEXUAL ORIENTATION
KINSEY SCALE a 7-point heterosexual-homosexual scale that classifies people according to their homosexual behavior & the magnitude of their attraction to members of their own gender category 0 = exclusively heterosexual category 6 = exclusively homosexual

HETROSEXUAL

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
HOMOSEXUAL

KINSEY SCALE
0= exclusively heterosexual 1= heterosexual, 1-2 homosexual experiences 2= mostly heterosexual, some homosexual 3= bisexual (equal) 4= mostly homosexual, some heterosexual 5= homosexual, 1-2 heterosexual experiences 6= exclusively homosexual
Looks only at BEHAVIOR, not at FEELINGS, DESIRE or FANTASY

ATTITUDES
one U.S. survey found that of males aged 15 19, 90% of them felt that sex between gay men was disgusting 60% would not even consider being friends with a gay man in 2000, 9 out of 10 Canadians believed there should be equal job opportunities for homosexuals yet, only 4 out of 10 support gay marriages

GENETICS

there is evidence that gay sexual orientation runs in families biological & psychological factors also influence if one identical twin is gay, there is a 50 - 65% chance that the other twin is also gay compared to 22% of fraternal situations autopsies found that a segment of the brains hypothalamus was less than half the size of a heterosexual

ATYPICAL BEHAVIOR
sexual behaviors which are unusual or abnormal sexual arousal involving a preference for nongenital sexual outlets patterns of sexual behavior or arousal that appear problematic in the eyes of the individual or society are called paraphilias

PARAPHILIAS
involve sexual arousal in response to unusual stimuli, such as children, nonconsenting persons, nonhuman objects, or pain & humiliation
are diagnosed when sexual fantasies, urges or behaviors cause significant distress or interfere with a persons ability to function in everyday tasks

PARAPHILIAS
include:
Fetishism Partialism Transvestism Exhibitionism Voyeurism Frotteurism Sadism Masochism Zoophilia Necrophilia Nymphomania Satyriasis

FETISHISM
when sexual arousal is caused by an inanimate object rubber leather silk high-heeled shoes panties ???

PARTIALISM
related to fetishism; exaggerated sexual arousal to a particular body part feet buttocks breasts ???

TRANSVESTISM
when a person repeatedly crossdresses for sexual arousal or is bothered by recurring urges to crossdress
most keep it a secret ranges from one garment to many almost always male most are married

EXHIBITIONISM
persistent, powerful urges & sexual fantasies involving exposing ones genitals to unsuspecting strangers for sexual arousal of oneself flashing almost always male usually begins between ages 13-16 most are not a physical threat

VOYEURISM
strong, repetitive urges to watch unsuspecting strangers who are naked, undressing or having sex

almost always male may masturbate during or after usually begins before age 15 not usually violent many lack social & sexual skills

FROTTEURISM
recurring, powerful urges to rub against or touch a nonconsenting person

mashing almost always male buses, subways, elevators, concerts many women do not realize it has occurred

OTHERS
SADISM the desire or need to inflict pain or humiliation on others for sexual arousal

MASOCHISM the desire or need for pain or humiliation to be inflicted on oneself for sexual arousal
TOGETHER, IT IS TERMED S&M

OTHERS
ZOOPHILIA repeated sexual urges & fantasies involving sexual contact with animals men farm animals women household pets NECROPHILIA the desire for sexual activity with corpses

OTHERS
NYMPHOMANIA an excessive sex drive or sexual appetite in women that is insatiable

SATYRIASIS an excessive sex drive or sexual appetite in men that is insatiable

CONCEPTION PREGNANCY & CHILDBIRTH

CONCEPTION
the union of a sperm & an egg which normally occurs in a fallopian tube only 1 in 1000 sperm will reach the egg gravity vaginal acidity swimming against the current wrong tube cilia barrier

CONCEPTION
about 2000 sperm get to the right tube sperm secretes an enzyme which thins the outer layer of the egg, allowing sperm to penetrate easier once a sperm enters the egg, this outer layer thickens, stopping other sperm from entering the egg

PREGNANCY
missed period is not always the first sign human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) as early as 8th day of pregnancy with blood test, 3rd week with urine test about one month after a missed period a pelvic exam may show Hegars sign (softness in the uterus)

PREGNANCY
about of women experience morning sickness, which occurs throughout the day miscarriage can have many causes & about occur within the first 16 weeks normal gestation period is 280 days ~ find the date of the first day of the last menstrual period & add nine months

PREGNANCY
PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT Germinal Stage - about the first 2 weeks Embryonic Stage - about the first 2 months Fetal Stage - until birth

PREGNANCY
Germinal Stage within 36 hours of conception, the cell divides divides repeatedly on way to uterus (3-4 days) wanders about the uterus (another 3-4 days) implants in the uterine wall (about 7 days) cells begin to group off & will eventually become different structures

PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage from implantation to about 8th week major organ systems begin to develop development occurs from the head downward & from the centre (spinal cord, organs) outward 3rd week, head & blood vessels begin to form 4th week, primitive heart begins to pump & arm & leg buds appear

PREGNANCY
Embryonic Stage AMNITOTIC SAC surrounded by a clear membrane which contains amniotic fluid to cushion the embryo from movement & maintains a steady temperature

PLACENTA allows exchange of nutrients & waste between the mother & fetus then leaves the mothers body after delivery (afterbirth)

PREGNANCY
Fetal Stage begins by the 9th week & continues to birth by end of 1st trimester, sex can be determined visually, major organ systems, fingers, toes & genitalia have all been formed mid-4th month, first fetal movements age of viability = near end of 2nd trimester 7th month, fetus turns upside down

PREGNANCY
Environmental Influences DIET malnourished pregnant women during the 3rd trimester is linked to low birth weight TERATOGENS agents that can damage an embryo or fetus (ex: narcotics, nicotine, alcohol, aspirin, lead, mercury, radiation, bacteria, viruses, measles, syphilis, chicken pox, )

CHILDBIRTH
a day or so before labor begins, there may be a discharge of bloody mucus
1 in 10 women will have their water break as the amniotic sac bursts other signs of labor: indigestion, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, backache labor begins with onset of regular contractions

THREE STAGES
First Stage:

- cervix thins & widens, causing most of the pain - may last a couple of hours or over a day - contractions become more frequent & strong - babys head begins to move into the vagina

THREE STAGES
Second Stage:

- begins when cervix is fully dilated & baby begins to move into the vagina - woman is taken to delivery room - lasts a few minutes to a few hours - crowning = when the head is visible - ends with the birth of the baby

THREE STAGES
Third Stage:

- lasts from a few minutes to over an hour - begins with the placenta being expelled - placenta detaches from wall of uterus - physician sew up tears or episiotomy (small incision to prevent tearing during childbirth)

METHODS
NATURAL women use no anesthesia GENERAL ANESTHESIA drugs to put people to sleep & eliminate pain LOCAL ANESTHESIA eliminates pain in a certain area of the body

METHODS
LAMAZE women learn to relax & to breathe in patterns that save energy & lesson pain
CESAREAN SECTION fetus is delivered through a cut in the abdomen used when normal delivery difficult or threatens the health of mom or baby 15% is medically appropriate (W.H.O)

POSTPARTUM
following birth during the days & weeks that follow childbirth, 50-80% of mothers will feel sad, irritable, depressed &/or tearful Postpartum Depression = persistent & severe mood changes (15% of new mothers) includes psychological factors such as previous depression, stress, troubled marriage

FEEDING
Breast versus Bottle?
70% of women breast-feed for at least the first three months mothers who are older, married, more educated & living in Western Canada or Ontario are more likely to breast-feed breast-feeding reduces risk of infections to baby & reduces allergies in babies no other significant differences you decide

BIRTH CONTROL

BIRTH CONTROL
1882 illegal to sell or advertise birth control in Canada 1930s economic depression led to desire to have small families & birth control became available to married women only 1950s condoms available in drug stores but only as prevention of contagious disease 1960s sexual revolution & contraceptive pill becomes available in Canada

METHODS
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES the pill consisting of sex hormones combination pill contains man-made estrogen & progesterone minipill contains man-made progesterone, but no estrogen effectiveness = 99.5% with perfect use, 97% with typical use

METHODS
COMBINATION PILL taken for 21 days, then no pill or placebo fools brain into thinking the body is already pregnant so no eggs mature or are released
MINIPILL taken every day mucus in cervix thickens, therefore sperm is less mobile & inner lining of uterus is less receptive to a fertilized egg

METHODS
MORNING AFTER PILL have high doses of estrogen & progesterone most effective when taken within 72 hours long-term health effects are not known
INTRAUTERINE DEVICES (IUDs) small objects of various shapes inserted into the uterus by a doctor or nurse usually left for 1-7 years, depending on brand irritates uterine lining, toxic to sperm / egg

METHODS
DIAPHRAGM rubber cap or dome fitted to vagina and coated with spermicide inserted prior to sex as a barrier to sperm
SPERMICIDES chemicals that kill sperm in form of jelly, foam, cream, gel, suppository typical use = 21% failure in first year

METHODS
CONDOMS made of animal membrane or latex barrier to sperm entering vagina can help prevent the spread of AIDS virus & other STDs only contraceptive device worn by men only latex are effective against AIDS virus not all STDs are protected against and remember, pre-cum contains sperm!

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS

INFO
EDMONTON STD CENTRE 413-5156 11111 JASPER AVENUE (GENERAL HOSPITAL) CALGARY STD CLINIC 297-6562 TOLL FREE 1-800-772-2437

PREVENTION
only sure way is to avoid sex have only one partner (who is STD free & has no other partners) use condoms & other protection during sex enjoy risk-free activities (hugging, massage) do not have casual partners do not share IV drug equipment

CAUSES
caused by germs or organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi & parasites germs need a warm, dark, moist area to live & grow such as in the genital area spread from person to person during sexual intimacy (usually vaginal, anal or oral sex)

most STI can be cured, many cannot

SYMPTOMS
many people DO NOT develop any symptoms when they get a STI they can still be affected & infect others some general symptoms include: - unusual discharge - burning pain when urinating - itching & burning in genital area - appearance of sores around genitals

TYPES
bacterial

vaginal
viral parasitic

BACTERIAL
one-celled microorganisms that cause many diseases such as pneumonia, TB, meningitis and:

CHLAMYDIA
GONORRHEA SYPHILIS

CHLAMYDIA
the most common bacterial STI in Canada more than 40,000 new cases a year especially high among Canadians aged 15-24 transmitted through vaginal or anal sex oral sex can infect the throat infants can be infected at birth from an infected mother (even by C-section)

CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS: men clear mucous discharge from penis at 1-3 weeks after contact discomfort or burning sensation in urethra 50% of males might not develop any symptoms at all

CHLAMYDIA
SYMPTOMS: women unusual vaginal discharge irregular menstrual bleeding discomfort during intercourse 80% of females might not develop any symptoms at all

CHLAMYDIA
COMPLICATIONS:

left untreated, can infect ovaries & fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease can develop infections in prostate gland & testicles babies born to infected women can develop eye infections or lung problems

CHLAMYDIA
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: uses the Abbott Testpack women cervical smear (similar to Pap smear) men extract fluid using a swab inserted into the opening of the penis treated with antibiotics (other than penicillin) partners without symptoms must also be treated to prevent further infection

GONORRHEA
the second most commonly reported bacterial STI in Canada more than 4500 new cases a year especially high among Canadian women aged 15-24 bacterial die outside the body in one minute transmitted through vaginal, oral or anal sex, or from mother to newborn oral sex can infect the throat

GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS: men discharge of pus from penis within a week mild to severe burning while urinating 20% of males might not develop any symptoms at all

GONORRHEA
SYMPTOMS: women unusual vaginal discharge pain during urination 80% of females might not develop any symptoms at all

GONORRHEA
COMPLICATIONS: left untreated, can infect ovaries & fallopian tubes, causing pelvic inflammatory disease internal scarring & blockage of fallopian tube can cause sterility, tubal pregnancy or pain can develop infection & pain in testicles babies born to infected women can develop eye infections & even blindness

GONORRHEA
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: clinical inspection & culture of discharge often occurs together with chlamydia & is often treated together with antibiotics partners without symptoms should also receive antibiotic treatment

SYPHILIS
was declining until recently in Canada may increase transmission of HIV transmitted through direct contact with a rash or sore during sex if not treated, can have very serious consequences can be passed on to an unborn child

SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS: same for men & women occurs in three stages First Stage: in 9-90 days, a painless chancre occurs at site of infection (up to the size of a quarter) chancre will heal within 2-4 weeks but the disease is still active & infectious

SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS:
Second Stage: lasts 2-6 weeks, after chancre appearance occurs 2-6 months after initial contact rash (resembling measles, or heat rash) breaks out anywhere on body, even hands & feet loss of appetite, fever, tiredness, hair loss even when symptoms disappear, remains very contagious at this stage

SYPHILIS
SYMPTOMS: Third Stage: lasts from 2-40 years even without obvious signs, the germs continue to damage vital organs can cause blindness, deafness, paralysis, brain & heart disease

SYPHILIS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT:

a blood test detects presence of antibodies treated with penicillin or other antibiotics can be cured at any stage earlier treatment reduces risk of serious complications

TYPES
bacterial

vaginal
viral parasitic

VAGINAL
any kind of vaginal infection or inflammation mostly caused by vaginal organisms or sexually transmitted infections:
BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS

CANDIDIASIS
TRICHOMONIASIS

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS (BV)


very common caused by bacteria transmitted sexually is an imbalance or overgrowth of bacteria can be found in the male urethra but no symptoms usually found no evidence of benefit for treatment of the male

BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS (BV)


SYMPTOMS IN FEMALE: thin, watery discharge, gray in color fishy smell DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: examination & tests using microscope oral medication or vaginal cream

CANDIDIASIS
yeast infection, thrush caused by a fungus called Candida overgrowth of yeast (often in healthy women) can be caused by: - birth control pills - tight clothing - colored toilet paper (chemicals used to color) - diabetes - scented feminine hygiene products

CANDIDIASIS
SYMPTOMS: curdy, white vaginal discharge itching, redness in genital area

DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: examination, swab test & use of microscope treated with vaginal creams, vaginal suppositories or oral medication

TRICHOMONIASIS
trick, caused by a one-celled animal #1 STI in the world, but not in Canada acquired during sexual intercourse with an infected partner parasite may survive several hours outside the body (discharge on bedding, towels) can be picked up from a toilet seat if direct contact is made

TRICHOMONIASIS
SYMPTOMS: usually occur 1-3 weeks after contact females foul smelling, greenish or yellowish discharge & itching males usually no symptoms, but sometimes a slight urethral discharge or burning
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: examination, swab test & microscope treated with oral medication or vaginal cream

TYPES
bacterial

vaginal
viral parasitic

VIRAL
tiny particles of DNA that invade a cell body & cause it to spread the virus: AIDS HERPES VIRAL HEPATITIS

GENITAL WARTS

AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome, caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) HIV attacks & disables the immune system person is susceptible to infection, cancer, termed AIDS when system is beyond repair worldwide 40 million people infected (2.5 million are children under 15)(2003) Canada 56, 000 people infected (2002)

AIDS
SYMPTOMS: may be no symptoms 2-4 weeks after infection flu-like symptoms within 6 months of infection, blood test +ve eventually: weight loss, fatigue, night sweats, dry cough, diarrhea, swollen lymph glands, memory loss, confusion, depression, certain cancers

AIDS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: blood test for HIV antibodies 95% of test will be +ve after 3 months full window period is 6 months test is free & confidential at STD clinic no vaccine to prevent HIV & no cure variety of meds can improve health & increase life expectancy

HERPES
once you get it, its yours for life! two types of viruses: - herpes simplex type 1 oral herpes - herpes simplex type 2 genital herpes oral = cold sores & blisters on lips & mouth genital = sores & blisters on genitals type 1 can occur on genitals & type 2 can occur on the mouth both can be passed with direct skin contact can be passed even if theres no signs or sores

HERPES
SYMPTOMS: usually occur within 1-3 weeks of infection; can be months or never may begin with a tingling or burning sensation fluid-filled blisters appear & soon break open sores remain on the skin 2-4 weeks female - vulva, anal opening, vaginal walls male - penis, scrotum, anal opening initial outbreak may be accompanied by: headache, fever, swollen glands, flu feeling

HERPES
DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT & INFO: examination & swab test to detect after sores heal, virus becomes dormant but is still contagious protection is important at all times can be triggered by stress, menstruation, sexual activity, sunlight & fever can be passed to newborn during delivery NO CURE, but medication can quicken healing

HEPATITIS
inflammation of the liver Hep A contact with infected fecal matter (contaminated food from not washing hands, oral-anal sexual activity) Hep B, C, D - contact with infected saliva, blood (including menstrual), mucus or semen through anal, vaginal & oral sex, sharing needles, razors, toothbrushes

HEPATITIS
Hep C in Canada 2000 cases per year Hep A & B 1000 cases each per year Hep D only occurs in presence of Hep B very low risk of contracting Hepatitis through blood transfusion because of tight testing cannot be spread by casual contact (hugging, shaking hands)

HEPATITIS
SYMPTOMS: may be no symptoms usually develop slowly, 6-20 weeks after exposure to the virus Hep B symptoms tend to be more severe & longer lasting includes: jaundice, weakness, nausea, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, whitish bowel movements, vomiting, brownish urine

HEPATITIS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: detected by blood test no cure for viral hepatitis 90% of people with Hep B will develop immunity without treatment 10 % will develop cirrhosis or cancer of liver plenty of rest & fluids are important vaccination available for Hep B & Hep D NO vaccine for Hep A or Hep C

GENITAL WARTS
caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) HPV itself is harmless but can lead to cancers in genital organs, particularly cervical or penile cancer 20-33% of sexually active Canadian women are infected women are more susceptible because of rapid cell division in cervix

GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS: may never be any symptoms may appear within weeks or months itchy bumps that vary in shape & size flesh colored growths appearing on or near the genital & anal area on dry skin hard & yellow-gray color moist areas soft, pink, cauliflower shape

GENITAL WARTS
SYMPTOMS: males usually on head & shaft of penis, anal area or scrotum females usually on external genitals, anal area or inside vagina & cervix some people do not know they have it often appear for the first time during pregnancy

GENITAL WARTS
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: visual examination using magnifier Pap test for females (also screens for cancer) must be treated by a doctor various treatments include: - cryotherapy (freezing it with liquid nitrogen) - chemicals or creams applied to surface of wart - electric current or laser therapy to destroy it - surgical removal

TYPES
bacterial

vaginal
viral parasitic

PARASITIC
tiny parasites that live in or out of the body
ectoparasites live on the outer surface: pubic lice (crabs) scabies

PUBIC LICE
tiny insects living on or near pubic hair size of a pinhead range in color from gray to reddish brown may also be in hair of thigh, chest or underarm adult crabs lay eggs (nits) on hair usually cannot be pulled or washed off can live away from body for up to 2 days can spread through body contact, bedding, towels, clothing

PUBIC LICE
SYMPTOMS: can be seen with naked eye area becomes itchy from bites on skin specks of blood may appear from bites may have crabs 2-3 weeks before noticing will not result in serious complications

PUBIC LICE
TREATMENT:

specific lotions or shampoos are required & available without prescription follow instructions for use carefully all recently used bedding, towels, clothing must be washed in HOT SOAPY water mattresses should be vacuumed & disinfected will frequently recur if not carefully treated

SCABIES
very contagious skin condition caused by an almost invisible insect burrows under the skin to lay eggs transmitted through sexual contact or from infected bedding, clothing, towels often found on hands, wrists, feet, genital areas, buttocks & armpits

SCABIES
SYMPTOMS: itching (more at night) red bumps, streaks or lines on skin surface may appear as a rash, sores, welts or blisters

SCABIES
DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT: must be diagnosed by a doctor (rashes can occur for a variety of reasons) small scraping of skin must be examined under microscope to identify mites (too tiny to see with the naked eye) treat with medicated lotions (follow directions) wash all clothing, bedding & towels with HOT SOAPY water

SEXUAL ASSAULT & COERCION

What is Sexual Assault?


Any form of sexual contact without voluntary consent Can range from unwanted sexual touching to sexual violence resulting in serious physical injury Often referred to as rape Are assigned levels depending on the seriousness of the assault

Levels of Sexual Assault


Level 1 Sexual Assault
Involves no physical injury or minor physical injury Maximum sentence of 10 years

Level 2 Sexual Assault with a weapon, threats to a third party or causing bodily harm.
Maximum sentence of 14 years

Level 3 Aggravated sexual assault


Involves wounding, maiming, disfigurement, or endangering the victims life Maximum sentence of life

Incidence Rates
25 493 sexual assaults reported to the police (1998) About 1 every 15 minutes 97% of the reported cases were level 1 A national random telephone sample reported twice as many sexual assaults, many are simply unreported

Statistics Canada 1998


85% of the victims of sexual assault were female 60% of the victims were under the age of 18 Male victims were even younger, averaging age 11.

Types of Sexual Assault


Stranger sexual assault Acquaintance sexual assault Multiple perpetrators (gang rapes) Sexual assault of men Spousal sexual assault Sexual assault by women

Stranger Sexual Assault


Committed by someone previously unknown Often select victims who are vulnerable
Live alone, older or retarded, walking down deserted streets, asleep or intoxicated.

Often try to find a safe place and time to commit the assault 3% of women over the age of 18 have been assaulted by a stranger Women between the ages of 18 44 years were the most likely to be attacked Most assaults took place in public places
Street, bars or clubs, or in public buildings

Acquaintance Sexual Assault


Victims are more likely to be assaulted by someone they know
Classmates, co-workers, family friends, etc.

Often do not perceive what happened as sexual assault Can happen in a dating situation
This most often involves intercourse

More likely to occur when the couple have had too much to drink

Multiple Perpetrators
Men who participate in group sexual assaults are trying to conform to the stereotype of the tough, competent, masculine he-man Exercise of power is a major motive although some may also be expressing anger against women Often each gang member may become more aggressive as he takes his turn.

Sexual Assault of Men


Prevalence is unknown Estimates of 1 in 10 victims More likely to be committed by strangers, usually heterosexual men Motives include domination and control, revenge and retaliation, and gang status and affiliation

Spousal Sexual Assault


8% of women reported being sexually assaulted by their partner Most often goes unreported Motives vary, but include sex to dominate their partner, degrade their partner, within the context of marital violence, or the solution to all marital disputes Survivors are often fearful of serious injury or death.

Sexual Assault by Women


Rare Often involves aiding or abetting men who are attacking another woman May occur in gang attacks Often aid in luring a woman into a safe place for sexual assault or may hold the woman down while the assault occurs Women can also sexually assault men May help in the sexual assault of men as well

Social Attitudes and Myths


women say no when they mean yes all women like a man who is pushy and forceful the way women dress, they are just asking to be raped rapists are crazed by sexual desire women want to be forced to have sex

Social Attitudes and Myths


Create a social climate that legitimizes sexual assault Both men and women are suseptible Are related to other social attitudes
gender-role stereotyping, the perception of sex as adversarial the acceptance of violence in interpersonal relationships

Psychological Characteristics of Sex Offenders


No single type of sex offender Majority of sex offenders are in control of their behaviour, and know that it is illegal. Median age of sex offenders was 32 (1999) Generally have less than a grade 12 education Often report feeling socially inadequate

Sex Offenders
Are more likely than other men to:
Condone sexual assault and violence against women Hold traditional gender-role attitudes Be sexually experienced Be hostile toward women Engage in sexual activity in order to express social dominance Be sexually aroused by depictions of sexual assault Be irresponsible and lack a social conscience Have peer groups, such as fraternities, that pressure them into sexual activity

Motives for Sexual Assault


Three Basic Motives:
1. Anger 2. Power 3. Sadistic

Anger Motive
Vicious, unplanned attack Triggered by anger and resentment toward women Usually employ more force than is needed to obtain compliance Victim is often forced into performing degrading and humiliating acts
Fellatio or anal intercourse

Perpetrator reports suffering humiliations at the hands of women and used assault as revenge.

Power Motive
Desire to control and dominate women is primary motive Sexual gratification is secondary motive Is an attempt to resolve disturbing doubts about his masculine identity and worth, or to combat deep-seated feelings of insecurity and vulnerability Only enough force to subdue the woman is used

Sadistic Motive
Ritualized and savage attack Carefully plan their assaults and use a pretext to approach their targets, such as asking directions or offering/requesting assistance Some bind, torture, or murder their victims. Mutilation of victims is common. Often preoccupied with violent pornography Motivated by anger, power, or sadistic urges.

If you are Sexually Assaulted


Dont change anything about your body
Dont wash or even comb your hair

Strongly consider reporting the incident to police


You may prevent another woman from being assaulted

Ask a relative or friend to take you to a hospital if you cant get an ambulance or police car Seek help in an assertive way
Injuries you are unaware of my be detected. Insist on a written or photographic record be made documenting the condition

Question health professionals


Ask about your biological risks Ask what treatments are available Ask for whatever help will make you comfortable

Reducing the Risk of Sexual Assault


Establish a set of signals with other women in the building or neighbourhood List yourself in the phone directory and mailbox by first initials only Use dead-bolt locks Lock windows and install iron grids on first-floor windows Keep doorways and entries well lit Keep your keys handy when approaching the car or the front door

Reducing the Risk of Sexual Assault


Do not walk by yourself after dark Avoid deserted areas Do not allow strange men into your house or apartment without first checking their credentials Keep your car doors locked and windows up Check out the back seat of your car before entering Dont live in a risky building Dont give rides to hitchhikers Dont converse with strange men on the street Shout FIRE! not RAPE!

Adjustment for Survivors of Sexual Assault


Many survivors are extremely distraught for days Often report eating disorders, headaches, irritability, mood changes, anxiety, depression, menstrual irregularity. May become withdrawn, sullen, and mistrustful Some may experience guilt or shame if they feel partially to blame for the assault.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder


An anxiety disorder brought on by exposure to a traumatic event Often includes flashbacks, disturbing dreams, emotional numbing, nervousness May persist for years

Rape Trauma Syndrome


For several weeks after the attack, people behave in a disorganized manner May cry uncontrollably, experience feelings of anger, shame, fear, and nervousness Most people benefit from counseling Long-term adjustment involves coming to terms with feelings and being able to remember the event without re-experiencing it.

Sexual Abuse of Children


May range from exhibitionism, kissing, fondling, sexual touching, oral sex and anal or vaginal intercourse Any sexual contact between an adult and child is considered abusive because the child is below age of consent Voluntary sexual activity between children of similar ages is not sexual abuse

Patterns of Abuse
4 out of 5 children are abuse by relatives or family friends or acquaintances Average age of abuse is between 6-12 years old for girls, 7-10 years old for boys Genital fondling is the most common type of abuse Abused children rarely report the abuse
Estimated that 90% of cases are not reported.

Effects of Child Sexual Abuse


Short and long-term effects include anger, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, inappropriate sexual behaviour, self-destructive behaviour, sexual promiscuity, drug abuse, suicide attempts, PTSD, low self-esteem, sexual dysfunction, mistrust of others, feelings of detachment

Effects of Child Sexual Abuse


Abused children commonly act out Late adolescence and early adulthood seem to pose especially difficult periods for survivors Effects are often long-lasting

Preventing Child Sexual Abuse


Prevention programs
Teach children to understand what sexual abuse is and how they can avoid it Teach children to recognize good and bad touching

Encourage the child to talk about it


Teach children messages like Its not your fault, etc.

Remind the child they and their families will be safe


Threats are often used to get the child not to tell anyone about the abuse.

ADULTS ARE LEGALLY OBLIGATED TO REPORT SUSPECTED ABUSE TO AUTHORITIES

Sexual Harassment
Any sexually oriented conduct physical, verbal, or by innuendo that is a condition of employment, interferes with job performance, or creates a hostile or offensive work environment. Can be committed by men or women

Sexual Harassment
May have more to do with the abuse of power than with sexual desire The harasser is often in a dominant position and abuses that position by exploiting the victims vulnerability.

Resisting Sexual Harassment


Familiarize yourself with your employers policy on sexual harassment 2. Convey a professional attitude 3. Discourage harassing behaviour, and encourage appropriate behaviour 4. Avoid being alone with the harasser 5. Maintain a record 6. Talk with the harasser 7. Write a letter to the harasser 8. Seek support 9. File a complaint 10. Seek legal remedies 1.

Where can you get help?


Planned Parenthood Edmonton #50 9912-106 St ..(780) 423-3737
Pregnancy tests and pregnancy options (prochoice) Referrals to health care services
Doctors, counseling, contraception, fertility, parenting programs, pregnancy resources for men and women

Phone line to answer any questions about sex you have!

Where can you get help?


Sexual Assault Centre of Edmonton #205 14964-121A Ave 24 hour crisis line: (780) 423-4121 Business line: (780) 423-4102
Free public education 24 hour crisis line Crisis intervention Short-term counseling Numerous support groups for adults, youth, and children

Where can you get help?


Child Abuse Hot Line 1-800-387-5437
To report suspected cases of child abuse Can also call the police or child welfare to report suspected cases of child abuse (physical, emotional or sexual)

Where can you get help?


If you dont know or cant remember where to go Call Capital Health Link (780) 408-LINK(5465)
For sexual assaults or suspected child abuse call the police: (780) 423-2567 In here? Talk to your caseworker, psychology, or a guard. Information is always available, just ask!

The End

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