Automatic Controls

Open University project

Controls 2

Single Seat Two Port Valve

Bellows

Open University project

Controls 2

Ball Valve

View from end of valve Valve Open Valve Closed

Valve body

Fluid passes through orifice

Open University project

Controls 2

Butterfly Valve

Valve Closed

Valve Open

Valve Fully Open

Open University project

Controls 2

Flow Characteristic Curves

100%

1. Linear
2. Equal Percentage 3 Flow % 1 50% 2 5 4 3. Quick Opening 4. Butterfly

5. Ball

50% Valve Opening %

100%

Open

Open University project

Controls 2

Typical Plug Types

Quick Opening

Linear

Equal Percentage

Open University project

Controls 2

3 Port Mixing Valve Convention

Hot

Blended or Mixed Flow

AB

Cold Mixing Valve

Open University project

Controls 2

3 Port Diverting Valve Convention

Inlet

To Plant or Process

AB

Diversion Leg

Diverting Valve
Open University project Controls 2 8

Mixing and Diverting

AB

AB

Mixing Function

Diverting Service

Open University project

Controls 2

Typical Mixing Application

Radiators A B AB Pump

Boiler

Remainder of heating system

Open University project

Controls 2

10

Typical Diverting Application

AB

Pump

B
Pieces of plant or heating / air conditioning equipment

Boiler

Open University project

Controls 2

11

Mixing Valve Used As a Diverter

Boiler

Pump B AB A

Load

Three Port Valve

Open University project

Controls 2

12

Pressure Drop Across a Valve

Wide Open Valve

10 bar g

7 bar g

Pressure Drop Through Valve = 3 bar

Open University project Controls 2 13

Flow Through a Control Valve

DN50 Valve 10 bar g
Steam Mass Flow W kg/s P1 P2

8 bar g

DN40 Valve
10 bar g P1 P2 6.5 bar g

DN32 Valve
10 bar g P1 P2 5 bar g

Open University project

Controls 2

14

Capacity Index
Kv Kvs = = Actual value required for an application Full lift capacity of a particular valve

Open University project

Controls 2

15

For Liquids
Kv V G P or P V = Kv G

Where
V G P Kv = = = = Flow rate in m3/h Specific gravity of fluid (Water = 1) Pressure drop across the valve in bar. Valve flow coefficient

Open University project

Controls 2

16

For Steam
12 . Kv . P1 1 - 5.67(0.42 - x)2 M

P1 P2 x Pressure Drop Ratio = P1

Where
M P1 P2 Kv
Open University project

= = = =

Mass flow rate Upstream pressure Downstream pressure Valve flow coefficient

(kg/h) (bar a) (bar a) (actual)

Controls 2

17

Inlet Press. (bar a) 9

Steam Sizing Chart

Steam Flow (kg/h) 800

Open University project

Superheat 0C
Controls 2

18

Water Sizing Chart

Open University project

Controls 2

19

Simple Hot Water Heating System

Pump

Heat Source

Open University project

Controls 2

20

Valve Authority
P1

P2

P1

P2

Open University project

Controls 2

21

Limiting Conditions PN Ratings

Steam Saturation Curve Do not use in this area

Temp. (oC)

Pressure (bar g)

Open University project

Controls 2

22

Two Port Valves

Air

Air

Air

Air

Actuator Action

Direct

Reverse

Reverse

Direct

Valve Action
On Air Failure

Direct

Reverse

Direct

Reverse

Valve Opens

Valve Closes

Open University project

Controls 2

23

Three Way Valves

Air

Air

Actuator Action On Air Failure

Direct Top seat closes. Bottom seat opens

24

Reverse Bottom seat closes. Top seat opens

Open University project

Controls 2

Valve Sizing and Actuator Chart

Valve Size DN mm Valve Travel mm Kvs value Actuator type PN5100 Spring Range 0.2-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.2-0.6 0.6-1.0 2.0-4.0 0.2-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.2-0.6 2.0-4.0 0.2-1.0 0.4-1.2 0.2-0.6 0.6-1.0 2.0-4.0 0.4-1.2 2.0-4.0 Air Pressure Required 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 4.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 4.5 1.2 1.4 1.2 1.2 4.5 1.4 4.5 Positioner Required Optional Optional Yes Yes Yes Optional Optional Optional Yes Optional Optional Optional Optional Yes Optional Yes 7.7 17.6 7.7 27.4 40.0 21.3 40.0 21.3 40.0 34.4 40.0 34.4 40.0 40.0 4.9 10.1 4.9 15.4 40.0 12.1 24.6 12.1 40.0 19.1 32.6 19.1 40.0 40.0 0.4 1.6 1.0 4.0 6.3 10 15 20 25 20 6.3 10 36 16 25 Maximum Differential Pressure(P bar) 16 63 32 40 50 65 80 30 100

10

16

PN5200

PN5300

1.2 4.4 1.2 7.7 30.5 5.6 13.4 5.6 40.0 10.0 22.1 10.0 34.2 40.0

14.9 2.2 6.1 2.2 38.0 4.4 10.6 4.4 16.8 40.0

10.3 1.8 4.5 1.8 25.6 3.3 7.5 3.3 11.6 30.0

5.5 0.7 2.2 0.7 14.1 1.6 3.9 1.6 6.2 22.3 0.7 11.7 0.17 7.4

4.

Open University project

Controls 2

25

Basic Positioner Diagram

Output air from positioner to actuator diaphragm 0 6 bar g

Signal air from control system 0.2 - 1.0 bar g

Compressed air supply to positioner 2 - 6 bar g

Open University project

Controls 2

26

Pneumatic/Pneumatic Positioner

Open University project

Controls 2

27

Electro Pneumatic Positioner

Open University project

Controls 2

28

Typical Electrical Actuator

Manual Override

Position Indicator
Plate for Mounting on to Valve

Open University project

Controls 2

29

Typical Electronic Controllers

Open University project

Controls 2

30

Pneumatic Temperature Controller

Controller

Temperature Sensor

Open University project

Controls 2

31

Pneumatic Pressure Controller

Controller

Pressure Sensing Tube

Open University project

Controls 2

32

Typical Resistance Temperature Sensor

Sensor Head

Temperature Probe

Open University project

Controls 2

33