Introduction to ELECTRICAL MACHINES-I

-ABHIRAM.T AssistantProf.
EEE Dept.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Electrical Machines, Dr .P.S. Bimhara , Khanna

publishers 2. Electrical Machines, - I.J. Nagarath and D.P Kothari Tata Mc

Graw hill Publishers.,

REFERENCES
1.Electrical Technology by B.L . Theraja, A.K Theraja,S.Chand & Co.Ltd 2.Electrical Machines by J.B.Guptha ,S.K.Kataria & Sons 3.Electrical Machines, Ashfaq Husan,Dhanpat Rai & Co 4. Electrical Machines, - I.J. Nagarath and D.P Kothari Tata Mc Graw hill
Publishers.,

DC Machines
DC Generator DC Motor

DC Generator

DC motor

Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction A changing magnetic flux through a loop or loops of wire induces an electromotive force (voltage) in each loop.

Fleming's Right Hand Rule

E.M.F

The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

The First finger (four finger) represents Field. The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current

Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction A changing magnetic flux through a loop or loops of wire induces an electromotive force (voltage) in each loop.

Fleming's Right Hand Rule

E.M.F

The Thumb represents the direction of Motion of the conductor.

The First finger (four finger) represents Field. The Second finger (Middle finger) represents Current

Fleming's Right Hand Rule

Fleming's Right Hand Rule

(for D.C Generators)

GRE
G-Generator R-Right hand

E-E.M.F

Lenzs Law The induced currents in a conductor are in such a direction as to oppose the change in magnetic field that produces them..
OR

The direction of induced E.M.F in a coil (conductor) is such that it opposes the cause of producing it..

Faradays Law and Lenz Law

The negative sign in Faradays Law is included to indicate the polarity of the induced emf, which is found by Lenz Law
The polarity of the induced emf is such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic flux through the loop That is, the induced current tends to maintain the original flux through the circuit

In order to have an e.m.f induced

3 Elements Req.
Magnetic Field Conductor Relative Motion between the two.

The following are the basic requirements to be satisfied for generation of E.M.F
1.A uniform Magnetic field 2.A System of conductors 3.Relative motion between the magnetic field and conductors
Magnetic field :Permanent Magnet (or) Electro Magnet (practical) Conductor :- Copper (or) Aluminum bars placed in slots cut around the periphery of cylindrical rotor Relative motion:By Prime Mover Turbine I.C Engine (Internal combustion)

Basic Generator

Generators

GENERATION OF A.C E.M.F WITH SLIP RING

Simple loop generator

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Construction of D.C. Machine

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 Yoke or Magnetic Frame It is outer frame of the machine and it serves two purposes (1) it provides the mechanical support for the poles and acts as protecting cover for the whole machine (2) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles

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Principle Of Operation
The N-S poles produce a dc magnetic field and the rotor coil turns in this field. A turbine or other machine drives the rotor. The conductors in the slots cut the magnetic flux lines, which induce voltage in the rotor coils. The coil has two sides: one is placed in slot a, the other in slot b.
v
a

S
b

30
2

(a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot a to b)

Vdc

Ir_dc

B
a

v
1

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v
b

Vdc

Ir_dc
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)

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 The induced voltage is connected to the generator terminals through the commutator and brushes. The induced voltage in b is positive, and in a is negative. The positive terminal is connected to commutator segment 2 and to the conductors in slot b. The negative terminal is connected to segment 1 and to the conductors in slot a.

v
a

S
b

30
2

(a) Rotor current flow from segment 1 to 2 (slot a to b)

Vdc

Ir_dc

B
a

v
1

30

v
b

Vdc

Ir_dc
(b) Rotor current flow from segment 2 to 1 (slot b to a)

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Construction of D.C. Machine

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 Yoke or Magnetic Frame It is outer frame of the machine and it serves two purposes (1) it provides the mechanical support for the poles and acts as protecting cover for the whole machine (2) It carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles

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 Pole Cores & pole Shoes The field magnets consist of pole cores and pole shoes. The pole shoes serve two purposes (i) they spread out the flux in the air gap and also, being of larger cross section, reduce the reluctance of the magnetic path (ii) they supports the exciting coils or field coils

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 Pole Coils The pole coils or the field coils, which consists of copper wire or strip, are former-wound for the correct dimension Then the former is removed and wound coil is put into place over the core When the current passes through these coils, they electromagnetise the poles which produce the necessary flux that is cut by the revolving flux

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 Armature Core & Armature Winding Armature core houses the armature conductors or coils and causes them to rotate and hence cut the magnetic flux of the field magnets. Armature core provides a path of very low reluctance to the flux through the armature from N-pole to S-pole

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Armature Winding
The armature conductors are insulated from each other and are placed in the armature slot which are lined with tough insulating material. Pole Pitch The periphery of the armature is divided by the number of poles of the generator is known as pole pitch Pole pitch is equal to the number of armature conductors per pole Conductor & Coil The length of the wire lying in the magnetic field and in which the emf is induced, is called the conductor Two conductors with their ends connected constitute one coil of the armature winding The coil may be single turn or multi-turn 40

 Coil Span or Coil Pitch (Ys) It is the distance, measured in terms of armature slots or armature conductors between two sides of the coil -- If the pole span is equal to the pole pitch then winding is called full-pitched
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 Pitch of a Winding (Y) It may be defined as the distance around the armature between two successive conductors which are directly connected together Back Pitch (Yb) The distance measured in terms of armature conductor , which a coil advances on back of the armature is called back pitch Front Pitch (Yf) The number of armature conductor or elements spanned by a coil on the front (or commutator end of the armature) is called front pitch Resultant Pitch (Yr) It is the distance between the beginning of one coil and the beginning of the next coil to which it is connected
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 Commutator Pitch (Yc) It is the distance (measured in commutator bars or segments) between the segments to which the two ends of a coil are connected

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 Simplex Lap Winding

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 Simplex Wave Winding

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Commutator
The commutator facilitates the collection of current from the armature conductors. It converts the alternating current induced in the armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external load circuit It is of cylindrical and is built up of wedge shaped segments of high-conducitivity hard-drawn or drop forged copper

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Generator EMF Equation

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Problems

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Thank you

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