POLS2 Reviewer Prelim

Political Science
=> it is the systematic study of state and government

=> it is also the study of power relationships between individuals and groups, what is called politics

According to Aristotle in his famous work POLITICS. .

Greek philosopher and scientist, 384 BC

MAN is by nature a political animal.

. . . . . this means that, Politics is the essence of social

existence
. . . . . that two or more men interacting with one another are involved in a political relationship

Aristotle was considered as the

father of political science

Jean Bodin (a French political philosopher, 1530)

> exposition of the principles of stable government that was widely influential in Europe

> he coined the term political

science

Etymological Meaning of Political Science

POLITICAL => Greek word POLIS which means, CITY today, SOVEREIGN STATE SCIENCE => Latin word SCIRE

which means, to know

Plato (ancient Greek political philosopher)

> he was born about 427 B.C. into a wealthy family in the democratic Greek citystate of Athens.
> he grew up in a violent time of war, rebellion, and political conflict.

this school aimed to educate future Greek leaders to use reason and wisdom in ruling.

The Republic known as the Academy

Plato wrote his most important work, The Republic. In this work, Plato attempted to design an ideal society and government that were free of injustice and conflict.

Justice brings harmony

to a society rather than conflict.

Phenomena that could described as more or less

political
a person who casts his vote in an election a person who complains that taxes are too high those who wants to legalize abortion or same-sex marriage those who wants free medical service those who wants to breath clean air those who wants to be left alone. . . . . . . . . . etc.

What do they have in common?

> they all involve

human relationship to their society

> POLITICS exist at all levels of human interaction * within the family - a parents attempt to discipline his/her children * within the school - a teacher giving instruction to students * within the entire country - people participating in an election * even in the illicit groupings - terrorist groups; Mafia, Yakuza, Al Qaeda

Politics, ergo, is a concept that could be restrictive or comprehensive in its focus,

depending on the definition employed by a given analyst.

Central Problem in Politics?

> the harmonization of the individual with those of the society

needs & demands

mutual correlation between certain objects or phenomena in the natural world, combining to create a unity of opposites

Aim of Politics?

Yin and Yang

> to regulate the conflicting needs and demands of people

in order to have a relatively

just and harmonious society

Scope of Political Science:

it is a very comprehensive field it includes the study of the ff:

1) Political theory
> relating to the origin, form, and purposes of the state

2) Public law
> law governing the relationship between individuals/citizens and the state > organization of the government, powers and duties, etc.

3) Public administration
> actual management of state affairs by the 3 branches of government

Review

Last meeting we discussed the following:

1) Definition of Political Science > exist at all levels of human relationship 2) Concept of Politics > harmonization of individual 3) Central problem in Politics needs and demands > regulate the conflicting 4) Aim of Politics needs and demands > very comprehensive 5) Scope of Political Science

State Government Power Relations

Interrelatedness

of Political Science to other branches of learning:

PS can not be detached with other branches of learning.

history economics logic

geography

POLITICAL SCIENCE

philosophy

sociology anthropology

psychology

Others.

Politics as defined by other authors:

1) Harold Lasswell (1950)
> the study of who gets, what, when and how in the society

WHO? the actors in the society

state actors sovereign states non-state actors churches, NGOs, political parties,
individuals, etc. WHAT? the goals of the actors
example: What is the goal of a candidate in an election?

WHEN? time-frame to attain the goals -- refers to the continuous activities by the actors HOW? refers to the instruments that the actors used to achieve goals (military force, propaganda, diplomacy, election, etc.)

2)

Robert Dahl (1976)

> POLITICS fundamentally involves the study of . * influence * power * authority
implied the ability to affect

decisions

denotes the ability to determine

denotes right

outcomes

to command

4 Major Components of Power:

1) coercive force

2) ideology
3) political organization 4) control over economic resources

3)

David Easton

born in Toronto, 1917, is a Canadian political scientist, renowned for his application of systems theory to political science He is also well known for his definition of politics as "authoritative allocation of values".
> someone has the power to hand out things that are considered good > the government (authoritative) will distribute (allocation) money for welfare spending (values)

Harold Lasswell

Robert Dahl

David Easton

Political System
The arena where political dynamics takes place. DAVID EASTONs Model of Political System ENVIRONMENT
DEMANDS

CONVERSION MACHINERIES

POLICIES

INPUT
SUPPORTS

PROCESS
CREATE MODIFY ALTER

OUTPUT
LAWS

FEEDBACK

Simplifying David Eastons Model:

Step 1. in a political system there will be demands input for a certain output (i.e. a policy), and people or groups supporting those demands. Step 2. these demands and groups would compete and "be

processed in the system",

giving way to decision making itself.

Step 3. once the decision is made output - i.e. a certain policy, it will interact with its environment. Step 4. once the new policy interacts with its environment, it will generate new demands and groups in support or against

the said policy "feedback".

Step 5. go to Step 1

Implications:
If the system functions as described, then we have a "stable political system". If the system breaks down, then we have a "dysfunctional political system".

Goals of the study of Political Science

1) To educate the citizens / people
> preparations for careers law, teaching, foreign service, etc

2) Liberal education
> intelligent & responsive citizenship can save democracy while, ignorance & negligence can lose it

3) Knowledge and understanding of government

> a good citizen knows his rights and obligations

STATE
It is a political concept It has structure & forms of government

and

NATION
It is an ethnic concept

Bounded together by certain characteristics May or may not subject to external control
May be made up of several states

Not subject to external control

May consists of one or more nations

What is the prime duty of the state?

1) to serve the people and 2) protect the people

Theories about the Origin of the State

1) Divine Right Theory
> state is of divine creation

> the ruler is obtain by GOD to govern the people

2) Necessity or Force Theory

> states must have been created through force
> great warriors imposed their will upon the weak e.g. commonwealth by acquisition

Theories about the Origin of the State

3) Paternalistic Theory
> states origin started from the enlargement of the
family >

clan > Tribe > nation >

state

> natural stages of the development of the state

4) Social Contract Theory

> states are formed by deliberate & voluntary compact among the people to form a society & organized their government e.g. commonwealth by institution

Three (3) Branches of Government under Presidential System : PHILIPPINES

Executive

Legislative

Judiciary

Administer laws
(enforcement; carrying into practical operation) President - 6 years term without re-election Vice-President 2 consecutive terms -- maybe appointed as member of the cabinet

Make laws
(alter, repeal, change laws) CONGRESS - bicameral legislature Senate > Senate President House of Representatives > Speaker of the House

Interpret the law

(settle controversies regarding the legality / constitutionality of the law) e.g. EO 464

Proc. 1017

Supreme Court Regional & Municipal Trial Courts

Special Courts: Court of Tax Appeals Sandigan Bayan (Ombudsmans Office) (appointed by the President)

(elected by the direct votes of the people)

(elected by direct votes of the people)

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 464

ENSURING OBSERVANCE OF THE PRINCIPLE OF SEPARATION OF POWERS, ADHERENCE TO THE RULE ON EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE AND RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS OF PUBLIC OFFICIALS APPEARING IN LEGISLATIVE INQUIRIES IN AID OF LEGISLATION UNDER THE CONSTITUTION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES SECTION 1. Appearance by Heads of Departments Before Congress. In accordance with Article VI, Section 22 of the Constitution and to implement the Constitutional provisions on the separation of powers between co-equal branches of the government,

all heads of departments of the Executive Branch of the government shall secure the consent of the President prior to appearing before either House of Congress.
Signed: September 26, 2005

Proclamation No. 1017

February 24, 2006

This occurred after the government claimed that it foiled an alleged coup d'tat attempt against the administration of President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

The president lifted the state of emergency on March 3, 2006 by the virtue of
Proclamation No. 1021

Principle of the Separation of Church and State

Principle of the Separation of Church and State

CHURCH covers all faith

(as used in the Constitution)

> no law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion > the Church is not to interfere in purely political matters

Some provisions in the Constitution:

1) State shall have no official religion. 2) State cannot set up a Church. 3) Every person is free to profess his/her belief or disbelief in any religion. 4) Every religious minister is free to practice his callings. 5) The State cannot punish a person professing religious beliefs or disbeliefs. * The Church is exempted in taxation in all their properties.

STATE
and

GOVERNMENT

STATE
State is composed of people who live in a certain territory, with their own government & sovereignty.

GOVERNMENT
Government is an agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed & carried out.

DIFFERENCE 1) It cannot exist without a government 2) Remains the same as long as the 4 elements exist 1) It is possible to have government without a state 2) A government may change (form, structure, composition)

Prologue of the

Philippine Constitution

Preamble
We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

Filipino People

People of the Philippines

Signify oneness and solidarity as Filipino citizen

Entire body of inhabitants including aliens or foreigners

The word government came from Latin word gubernaculums

guide

it is a piece of metal or wood placed as a guide at the rear of the ship to serve guide

A government may be linked to this because it guides

the aspirations and management of the state.

4 Essential Elements of STATE

1) PEOPLE
> mass of population living within the state > also called subjects (monarchial system) > there is NO requirement as to the number of people that should compose a state (it can be small or large) Smallest state in point of population: > VATICAN composed mainly of clerics & some Swiss guards, plus the Pope > Republic of NAURU an island located in the southwest Pacific Ocean Largest state in point of population: > CHINA 1.3 Billion people / (India 1.1B)

> Philippines 92 million + ; rank 12th in the world (2008)

2) TERRITORY
> the domain of the state extent of jurisdiction of the state Philippine domains:

1) Terrestrial land
2) Fluvial / maritime rivers / sea 3) Aerial air; atmosphere Smallest state in point of territory: > VATICAN only 1/6 square mile or .43 sq. km. it would fit in the Rizal Park (Luneta) > Republic of Nauru 8 sq. mile or 20 sq. km. Largest state in point of territory: > CANADA 3,852.000 sq. miles nearly, as large as Europe

Philippines total land area 115,707 sq. miles or 299,681 sq. km.
it is an archipelago derived from Greek word pelagos means.sea is one of the largest archipelagos in the world (7,107 islands)

composed of three major islands:

LUZON VISAYAS MINDANAO
INDONESIA - The largest archipelago in the world, consist of 17,000 islands and islets.

3) GOVERNMENT
> is an agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed & carried out.

Prime Duty of the Government:

To serve the people To protect the people

4) SOVEREIGNTY
> the supreme power of the state to command & enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction. 2 Manifestations of Sovereignty:

1) Internal sovereignty power of the state to rule within its territory

2) External sovereignty the absolute independence of one state with reference to other state also referred to as INDEPENDENCE

SHAPES OF STATE
Territorial Morphology
- refers to a States physical shape - the factors that affect its cohesion and political viability and stability

4 Zones (Maritime): Permitted by the 1982 U.N.

Conventions on the Law of the Sea
1) TERRITORIAL SEA > up to 12 nautical mile (19 km) > right to fish, right to passage of vessels 2) CONTIGUOUS ZONE > up to 24 nautical mile (38 km) > states can enforce its customs, immigration & sanitation laws 3) EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) > up to 200 nautical mile (370 km) > states can enforce rights for purpose of economic advantage such as.. (right to explore, conserve and manage living & non-living resources)

4) HIGH SEAS (Open Seas)

> outside the national jurisdiction of the state > open to all states (Pacific, Atlantic, Indian ocean) > right to pursue scientific research

Forms of Government

Forms of Government:
1) As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers

a) Monarchy
the supreme & final authority is in the hands of a single person such as (king, queen, emperor, or czar)

2 types: Absolute Monarchy

ruler rules by divine right

Limited Monarchy
ruler rules according to a Constitution

According to Thomas Hobbes (English)

Monarchy is the best form of government.

1) Less division

2) Less scope of corruption

3) Wider consultation (the monarch can select experts and get advice in private)

4) Less chance of civil war (since the Monarch cannot disagree with himself)
5) Policies will be more consistent 6) Complete obedience to single will (essential to order and security)

2 Ways in which right can be given

according to Thomas Hobbes

1) By simply renouncing the right

2) By

transferring the right

> it can be made by promise or contract / covenants > transferring of right is voluntary > there is one right that cannot be transferred the ultimate right to defend our lives

Example of Contemporary The politics of Brunei take place in a framework of an

Absolute Monarchy

the Sultan of Brunei is both head of state and head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government.

Brunei has a Legislative Council with 20 appointed members, that only has consultative tasks.

Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah

b) Aristocracy
political powers is exercised by few privilege class also known as oligarchy Example: French

Aristocracy
Rosseau

aristocrats / elite

Upper Class clergy/priest

Middle Class: nobles/merchants/traders

Lower Class: commoners/laborers Voltaire

c) Democracy
the power is exercised or resides in the people Democracy in China

2 types:

Direct / Pure Democracy

will of the state is directly expressed by the people

Indirect / Representative / Republican Democracy

people choose representatives / delegates to govern / rule them

2) As to extent of powers exercised by the CENTRAL / NATIONAL government

a) Unitary Government control of the national and local affairs is

exercised by the central / national government

headed by the President that represents the central / national government

e.g. Philippines

b) Federal Government powers of government are divided between

national and local affairs each organ (national & local) is SUPREME within its own sphere

e.g. United States

3) As to relationship between EXECUTIVE and LEGISLATIVE branches of government

a) Presidential
President is the head of state and government

Pres. George Washington 1789-1797

Pres. Manuel Quezon First President of the Commonwealth 1935

b) Parliamentary Government
Prime

Minister runs the affairs of the government

President serves as ceremonial / symbolic leader of the state

P.M. Thaksin Shinawatra Thailand

Other Forms of Government:

a) Military Government
government implemented by one state over another state under their control e.g. military government during the Japanese occupation of the Philippines a government run by military junta e.g. present government of Myanmar (Burma)

Senior General THAN SHWE

b) Revolutionary Government
the power of the government is obtained through force
e.g. revolutionary government under Emilio Aguinaldo (June 29, 1898)

Other Forms of Government: (As to legitimacy)

c) De Jure Government
(Latin) -- rightfully; lawfully; by legal title

government that is founded on constitutional law e.g. the Commonwealth government under Pres. Manuel L. Quezon

d) De facto Government
government not founded on constitutional law

administration of the state by superior force brought about by revolutions, invasions, insurgency
e.g. revolutionary government

How will you describe the Philippine Government? a) representative democracy

through election

b) unitary
control of the national & local affairs by the central government

c) presidential
separation of powers by the 3 branches of government

STUDY HARD