Air Pollution

INTRODUCTION
Air pollution is of public health concern on the micro, meso, and macro scales. Indoor air pollution results from products used in construction materials, the inadequacy of general ventilation, and geophysical factors that may result in exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials. Industrial and mobile sources contribute to mesoscale air pollution that contaminates the ambient air that surrounds us outdoors. Macroscale (or global) effects include the transport of ambient air pollutants over large distances.

Adiabatic Process: The process that takes place with no additional or removal of heat and with sufficient slowness so that the gas can be considered to be in equilibrium at all times.

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AIR POLLUTION STANDARDS

The 1970 Clean Air Act (CAA) required the U.S. EPA to investigate and describe the environmental effects of any air pollutants emitted by stationary or mobile sources that may adversely affect human health or the environment. The EPA used these studies to establish the National Ambient Quality Standards (NAAQS).
The develop these standards based on health criteria: Primary standard: established to protect human health with an adequate margin of safety. Secondary Standard: intended to prevent environmental and property damage.
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States are divided into air quality control regions (AQRs). attainment area nonattainment areas

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EFFECTS OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Factors that affects Deterioration Moisture Position of materials exposed Sunlight Higher Air Temperature

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Effects on Heath
Chronic Respiratory Disease Bronchial asthma Chronic bronchitis Pulmonary emphysema Cancer of the bronchus

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ORIGIN OR FATE OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Carbon monoxide Lead Nitrogen Dioxide Photochemical oxidants Sulfur oxides

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MICRO AND MACRO AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution problems may occur on three scales: micro, meso, and macro. Microscales:are problems range from those covering less than a centimeter to those the size of a house or slightly larger. Mesoscale: are those who few hectares up to the size of a city or country. Macroscale: problems extend from countries to states, nations, and in the broadest sense, the globe.
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Global Warming
Scientific Basis: the case of global warming has grown very strong over the last two decades. The 5-year running average temperature in 200 was almost 0.6C above the 1951-80. The average global surface temperature has being increasing for the last 100 years and was higher in 2000 than in any time in the past 200 years.

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The Atmospheric Engine

The atmosphere is somewhat like an engine. It is continually expanding and compressing gases, exchanging heat, and generally creating chaos. The driving energy for this unwieldy machine comes from the sun. the difference in heat input between the equator and the poles provides the initial overall circulation of the earths atmosphere.

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Turbulence Mechanical turbulence Thermal Turbulence Stability -the tendency of the atmosphere to resist or enhance the vertical motionis termed stability Neutral Stability Unstable Atmosphere Stable Atmosphere
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ATMOSPHERIC DISPERSION
Factors Affecting Dispersion of Air Pollutants Source Characteristics Downwind Distance Wind Speed and Direction Stability

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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF STATIONARY SOURCES

Gaseous Pollutants Absorption Mass Transfer Adsorption Adsorption isotherm Combustion

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Flue Gas Desulfurization Flue gas desulfurization (FGD) system fall into two broad categories: nonregenerative and the regenerative.

Nonregenerative: the reagent used to remove the sulfur oxides from the gas stream is used and discarded. Regenerative: the reagent is recovered and reuse

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Prevention: The process in this category employ the fact that reduction on the peak temperature in the combustion ozone reduces NOx formation. Nine alternatives have been developed to reduce flame temperature.

Minimizing operating temperatures Fuel switching Low excess air Flue gas recirculation Lean combustion Staged combustion Low NOx combustion Secondary combustion Water-steam injection

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Particulate Pollutants Cyclones Filters: Deep Filter Baghouse Liquid scrubbing Electrostatic Precipitation Control Technologies of Mercury

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AIR POLLUTION CONTROL OF MOBILE SOURCES Engine Fundamentals The Gasoline Engine The Diesel Engine The Jet Engine

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Effect of Design and Operating Variables on Emissions

List of variables that affect the internal combustion Air-to-fuel ratio Load or power level Speed Spark timing Exhaust back pressure Valve overlap Intake manifold pressure Combustion chamber deposit buildup Surface temperature Surface-to-volume ratio Combustion chamber design Stroke-to-bore ratio Displacement per cylinder Compression ratio

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 Control Of Automobile Emission Blowby Fuel Tank Evaporation Losses Carburetor Evaporation Losses Engine Exhaust Inspection-Maintenance (I/M) programs

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Thank You