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INA105/151 Building Construction & Materials 1

INTRODUCTION

Prepared by : Othman Hassan Senior Lecturer / Registered Interior Designer with Lembaga Arkitek Malaysia (Reg. No : ID/O 6) Department of Interior Architecture UiTM Perak

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THE BUILDING TEAM

Building is essentially a team effort in which each member has an important role to play. The organization structure of a typical team and the role of each member is defined below.
Building owner

The client; the person who commission the work and directly or indirectly employs everybody.
Architect (Professional consultant) Engaged by the building owner as his agent to design, advise and ensure that the project is kept within cost and complies with the design. Engineers (Professional consultant) Specialists such as a civil/electrical/mechanical engineers employed to work with the architect on that particular aspect of the design.

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Quantity Surveyor (Professional consultant)

Engaged to prepare bills of quantities, check tenders, prepare interim valuations and advise architect on the cost variations.
Clerk of Site Employed on large contract as the architects on-site representatives. He has only liaison powers and cannot issue instructions on his own behalf; he can only offer advise Main Contractor/Contractor Employed by the building owner, on the architects advice, to carry out the constructional works. He takes his instructions from the architect. Sub-Contractor Appointed to assist main contractor, on the architects advice, to carry out the constructional works.

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Interior Designer (Professional consultant)

Engaged to do special interior design works if required.

Landscape Architect (Professional consultant) Engaged to do special landscape design works if required

Contracts manager
Liaises between the office and the site and has overall responsibility for the site operations.. Surveyor (Professional consultant) Employed by the contractor to check and assist the quantity surveyor in the preparation of interim valuations and final accounts, He may also measure work done for bonus and sub-contractor payments.

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Estimator Employed by the contractor to prepare unit rates for the pricing of tenders and carries out pre-tender investigations into the cost aspects of the proposal contract. Buyer Employed by the contractor to order materials, obtains quotations for the supply of materials and services. Administrator Organizes the general clerical works of the contractors office for the payment of wages. Insurances and all necessary correspondence. General foreman Sometimes called the agent, The contractors on-site representatives, responsible for the day-to-day running of the site.

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THE BUILDING TEAM (Big projects)

Building owner

Architect

Main Contractor

Clerk of work

Sub-Contractor

Quantity Surveyor

Engineers

Interior Designer

Landscape Architect

Contracts Manager

Surveyor

Estimator

Buyer

Administrator

General Foreman Operatives

Costing Account Office staff

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THE BUILDING TEAM (Small projects)

Building owner

Architect

Contractor

Quantity Surveyor

Engineers

Contracts Manager Workers

Estimator

Administrator

Costing
Account Office staff

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STAGES INVOLVED IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

1. The Designing and Tendering Stage

1. Owner will appoints professional consultants:
Architect - to design and prepare architectural construction /working drawings Engineers - (civil, electrical, mechanical) - to prepare structural, electrical and mechanical drawings Quantity Surveyor - to prepare bill of quantities documents for tendering Interior designer (if required) - to design and prepare interior construction drawings Landscape architect (if required) - to design and prepare landscape construction drawings 2. Open tendering 3. Owner (with architects advise) - awards tender to contractor

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2. The Constructing Stage

Construction works begin after the appointment of contractors. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Site Investigation Site Clearance Establishing Datum Level And Setting Out The Building Excavation And Foundation Works Building Structure Construction Floor Construction Wall Construction Window Frame Installation Roof Construction Wall Plastering Ceiling Construction Floor finishes Installation Doors and Windows Installation Drain Construction Fence Construction Site Clearance

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE

1. Site Investigation
Investigate on site and soil condition. A soil investigation includes the following aims: a. define the soil type b. find the groundwater level c. check for tree roots d. take soil samples for tests in a laboratory e. carry out some in-situ tests f. test for contamination.

2. Clearing the site

This may involve the demolition of existing buildings, the grubbing out of bushes and trees and the removal of soil to reduce level.

Site clearing

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE 3. Establishing datum level and setting out the building To establish level and base line from which the whole building can be set out.

Setting/establishing base line

Leveling work

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE 4. Excavations and foundation works Before a foundation can be laid it is necessary to excavate a trench of the required depth and width. Foundation is the base on which a building rests and its purpose is to safely transfer the load of a building to a suitable subsoil.

Excavating a trench

Concreting the foundations

The pad foundation

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE

5. The construction of building structure (beams and columns)

Sometimes called as building skeleton. The structures will bear all life and dead loads and transfer it to the building foundations.

Concreting the ground floor beams

Concreting the floor/roof beams

Concreting the columns

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE 6.The construction of floors Flat level of the building that support life load and dead load.

Concreting the floor

Leveling the concrete floor

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGES

7. The construction of walls and installation of door frames The building side covering.

Brick laying works

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGES

8. Install window frames

Installing the window frame

Installing the window frame

The window frame

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGES

9. The construction of roofs

The building top coverings

Installing roof trusses

Constructing the roof joists

Installing the roof tiles

Installing insulation & battens

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGES

10. Wall plastering

Wall plastering works

Refining wall plastering works

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE

11. The construction of ceilings

Constructing the asbestos ceiling

Constructing the plaster ceiling

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE

12. The installation of floor finishes Installation of floor tiles/granites/marbles etc.

Installing the floor tiles

Installing the floor skirting

Cutting the tiles

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE

13.The installation of doors and windows

The building openings 14.The construction of drain

Drain at the buildings perimeter

15. The construction of fences Building boundary fences

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THE CONSTRUCTING STAGE

16. Site clearance

Clearing all rubbish on site before handover

THE BUILDING COMPONENTS 1. 2. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Foundations and building structures Floors Walls Roofs Ceilings Staircases and escalator Openings (door & window

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Superstructure

Building floor levels

Ground floor level Building basement

Substructure
Building foundation

Building superstructure and substructure

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References:
1.
2. 3. 4.

Ivor H. Seeley (1995):Building Technology. Fifth edition. MacMillan.

Roland Ashcroft (1992):ConstructionFor Interior Designers. Second Edition. Longman. Roger Greeno (1998):Advanced Construction Technology. R. Chudley (1996): Construction Technology. Longman

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