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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
2. OPERANT CONDITIONING
(EDWARD THORNDIKE (1913) AND B.F. SKINNER (1953) )
3. Observational Learning/Social learning

(Ivan Pavlov)

(ALBERT BANDURA)

Behavior = perilaku Behaviorist

Ivan Pavlov : CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

Associating a previously neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to evoke a conditional response. Terms to know: Unconditioned stimulus (US) = meat Unconditioned response (UR) = salivation Neutral stimulus (NS) = Bell Conditioned stimulus (US) = Bell

Before conditioning US (meat)UR (Salivation) and NS (Bell) No response During conditioning CS (Bell) followed by US (meat) UR (salivation) After conditioning CS (bell) CR (salivation)

Learning process that involves deliberate actions Learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequences or antecedents.

EDWARD THORNDIKE (1913) AND B.F. SKINNER (1953)

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The The The The

law law law law

of of of of

trial and error effect readiness exercise

ABC
A = Antecedent (events that precede an action) B = Behavior C = Consequence (events that follow an action) Rationale : Many behaviors are not simple responses to stimuli but deliberate actions.

Social behavior is learned through observation and imitation.

Observational learning from MODEL Model??? Those people whose behavior can be imitated by others.
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Element of observational learning: Attention Retention Production Motivation

LEARNING BLOCK

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Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Reward Punishment

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Islamic perspective Educational implication

WHAT IS MEMORY ? The ability to remember past events or previously learned information or skills The storage system that allows retention and retrieval. Memory stands for 3Rs: Recording Retaining Recalling

How fast you can recall your memory will determine your success

How fast you recall your memory will determine your success. To prove that you clearly understand what you learn you must be able to express it in your own words. Dont be a text book oriented student

It involves remembering the details of a situation or idea and placing them together in a meaningful framework.

The information-processing approach assumes that each stage of learning and memory is separate, although related, and analyzed by scientific methods. Encoding involves organizing information so that the nervous system can process it. Storage is the process of maintaining information in memory for a few seconds or for many years. Retrieval is the process by which stored information is recovered from memory.

Shalat Dasar-dasar psikologi : persepsi, motivasi, emosi, memory,

Encoding (code and put into Memory)

Storage (Maintain in Memory)

Retrieval (Recover From memory)

Rehearsal Long term memory

Sensory Register

Short term memory

Decay

Decay

Decay

Interference

Interference

Interference

Remember:
IF WITHIN 24 HOURS YOU DO NOT REVISE YOUR LESSON 80% WILL BE FORGOTTEN

Telephone number: 081555665733 0815-5566-5733 ABCD..Z = ABCDEFG / HIJKLMN/OPQRSTU / VWXYZ

ROY G. BIV = Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet RITA : Recalling Information Through Association BAN MATI :

3. Mind mapping 4. Key words 5. Question and answer

HOW GOOD IS YOUR MEMORY?

WHAT IS THINKING ??? (brainstorming dari mahasiswa)

Proses kerja otak tetapi wilayah pembahasannya pada hal-hal yang sifatnya logis dan tidak logis,rasional dan tidak rasional. = Penalaran Proses kerja otak dalam merespon apa yang diterima oleh otak melalui panca indera Mencari jawaban dari sebuah pertanyaan di luar sistem pikiran itu sendiri Pengerahan potensi berpikir untuk mencapai pengetahuan dan kebenaran Proses kerja akal untuk memahami, merespon, dan menjawab persoalan yang logis dan tidak logis untuk menghasilkan pengetahuan dan kebenaran

Proses penganalisa sesuatu (Syamsul) Suatu proses mengingat sesuatu (Rita) Proses dimana kita bertukar pikiran mengenai masalah yang sedang dibahas (Pipit) Proses kerja otak untuk menjawab suatu hal yang diinginkan. Proses yang menanggapi suatu hal yang terjadi pada diri kita. Prose mengingat dan menganalisa untuk bertukar pikiran dan menjawab masalah.

Memandang sesuatu dari multi dimensi (Agung) Usaha untuk memecahkan suatu masalah yang sedang dihadapi (Wita) Usaha untuk mengetahui tentang sesuatu (Hapsari) Mensinergiskan antara info yang didapat dan solusi yang dicari. (Azhara) Proses memahami perkataan atau informasi yang disampaikan orang lain sehingga dapat mengambil kesimpulan (Fitri)

Sebuah proses abstrak yang melibatkan pengalaman, pengetahuan, dan informasi yang ada dan diolahnya menjadi sebuah pemikiran (Egi) Proses memahami sesuatu untuk bisa dimegerti (Ana) Proses penerimaan informasi yang dicerna oleh otak yang kemudian direalisasikan dalam bentuk katakata (Anggun) Proses menerima informasi yang melibatkan proses abstrak dengan menggunakan pengalaman dan , pengetahuan, agar dapat memahami sesuatu sehingga mudah dipahami. (Dawam)

SUATU PROSES UNTUK MENAFSIRKAN DAN MENYELESAIKAN SESUATU PROSES SESEORANG DALAM MENCARI SUATU IDE UNTUK MENYELESAIKAN PERMASALAHAN PROSES PEMAHAMAN YANG DIDASARI ATAS MELIHAT, MENDENGAR DAN MERASAKAN DARI LUAR DAN TADI APA YA LUPA PAK (MEGANG KEPALA) Proses mencari, memahami, dan menafsirkan suatu obyek dengan cara melihat, mendengar, merasakan untuk menyelesaikan masalah.

Salah satu proses usaha untuk mengambil sebuah kesimpulan dari hasil perbuatan/perilaku atau perkataan seseorang baik yang bersifat positif maupun negatif. (Amiruddin) Suatu usaha yang dilakukan untuk mencari solusi/pemecahan suatu masalah (Adi)

Proses memecahkan masalah Proses untuk menemukan sesuatu hal Proses untuk mengolah suatu informasi Proses menggunakan ide Cara untuk mengetahui sesuatu yang ingin diketahui NEVER SAY BEFORE YOUR THINK, THINK BEFORE YOU SAY (TIDAK ASBUN)

The process of reasoning, decisionmaking, and problem solving. Thinking is when ones speech volume has been switched off. Thinking is a bounty from Allah through which He distinguished and elevated human from the rest of His creations. (See Ar-Rum: 8)

Berpikir adalah suatu proses untuk mengambil keputusan dan memecahkan masalah secara bijaksana.

REASONING LOGIC

DECISION MAKING
PROBLEM SOLVING

REASONING The process by which we generate and evaluate arguments, and reach conclusions. LOGIC The procedure that we use to reach a valid conclusion.

DECISION MAKING The assessment of and choice among alternatives sometimes involves the probability of occurrence of some event and expected value. PROBLEM SOLVING The behavior of individuals when confronted with a situation or task that requires some insight to solve.

Convergent thinking: Process by which possible options are selectively narrowed until converging onto one answer Divergent thinking : The production of new information from known information, or the generation of logical possibilities, which serves as the basis of creativity Creative thinking : to bring into being or form out of nothing. Critical thinking

HASTY SPRAWLING UNFOCUSSED NARROW

HASTY The tendency to make quick or snap decisions. SPRAWLING we tend to be scattered in our thinking, jumping from one idea to another without fully exploring any one of them UNFOCUSSED To be fuzzy or blur in our thinking, and being unclear in our thoughts. NARROW One does not go in depth to explore further.(Ibarat katak di bawag tempurung)

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Able to put new information in ones own words=1 Can tolerate ambiguity =11111 Looks for alternatives=11 Perseveres =11 Can solve problems=1 Can make independent decisions= 111 Exercise initiative and self directs=111

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Takes risks and learns from errors =11 Shows flexibility = 1 Considers different points of views Uses past knowledge and experience=1 Transfers knowledge and skills to new situations = 1111 Can explain what has been learnt, why and how =111 Understands own best ways of learning and working =1111

Very good = 12-14 Good = 9-11 Fair =6 8 Bad = 1-5

Sikap adalah sesuatu yang dipelajari melalui pengamatan, pendengaran dan pengalaman. Dengan kata lain, sikap adalah tindakan dan tingkahlaku diri berlandaskan cara fikir seseorang individu

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Orang sekeliling - Ibu bapak, guru-guru, rekan-rekan, idola Pengaruh media - TV, radio, internet Bahan bacaan - novel, majalah, surat kabar, buku-buku. Lingkungan - Agama, bangsa, kebudayaan Peristiwa silam - besar atau kecil Pengalaman

Sikap yang negatif boleh diubah kepada positif hampir secara langsung. Misalnya anda membonceng sepeda motor bersama kawan. Rekan anda menaiki motor dengan laju dan tidak hati-hati. Akibatnya berlaku kemalangan dan rekan anda mati ditempat kejadian. Ketika itu juga anda berkemungkinan besar mula mengubah sikap anda apabila naik motor. Walau pun ia berlaku hanya sekali dalam kehidupan, tetapi pengalam tersebut cukup menyakitkan dan menyedihkan. Ia mengubah cara fikir anda serta merta. Sikap anda juga berubah serta merta.

Allah s.w.t telah berfirman yang mafhumnya,

"tidak akan aku ubah nasib sesuatu kaum itu sehinggalah mereka ubah apa yang ada dalam diri mereka sendiri".

Positive attitude helps to cope more easily with the daily affairs of life. It brings optimism into your life, and makes it easier to avoid worry and negative thinking. If you adopt it as a way of life, it will bring constructive changes into your life, and makes them happier, brighter and more successful. With a positive attitude you see the bright side of life, become optimstic and expect the best to happen. It is certainly a state of mind that is well worth developing and strengthening.

Positive thinking. Constructive thinking. Creative thinking. Expecting success. Optimism. Motivation to accomplish your goals. Being inspired.

Choosing happiness. Not giving up. Looking at failure and problems as blessings in disguise. Believing in yourself and in your abilities. Displaying self-esteem and confidence. Looking for solutions. Seeing opportunities.

A positive attitude leads to happiness and success and can change your whole life. If you look at the bright side of life, your whole life becomes filled with light. This light affects not only you and the way you look at the world, but also your whole environment and the people around you. If it is strong enough, it becomes contagious.

Achieving your goals and attaining success. Success achieved faster and more easily. More happiness. More energy. Greater inner power and strength. The ability to inspire and motivate yourself and others. Fewer difficulties encountered along the way. The ability to surmount any difficulty. Life smiles at you. People respect you.

Negative attitude says: you cannot achieve success. Positive attitude says: You can achieve success.

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Choose to be happy. Look at the bright side of life. Find reasons to smile more often. Have faith in yourself and in the Power of the Universe. Contemplate upon the futility of negative thinking and worries. Associate yourself with happy people.

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Read inspiring stories. Read inspiring quotes. Repeat affirmations that inspire and motivate you. Visualize only what you want to happen. Learn to master your thoughts. Learn concentration and meditation.

Pertahankan Sikap Mental Positif Berani Mengambil Resiko Gagal Jadilah Tangguh Ciptakan Perubahan Berusahalah Untuk Lulus Ujian Terimalah Perbedaan Pancarkan Antusiasme Anda Hadiahi Diri Anda Dengan Kemandirian