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Cell Respiration
Outline
Autotrophs - Convert radiant energy into chemical energy. Heterotrophs - Live on energy heterotrophs produce.
Digestion - Breaking down large molecules with enzymes. Catabolism - Harvesting energy from C-H.
Aerobic Respiration - Oxygen gas accepts the hydrogen atom and water forms. Anaerobic Respiration - Occurs when an inorganic molecule other than oxygen accepts the hydrogen. Fermentation - Occurs when an organic molecule accepts the hydrogen atom. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 6 CO2 + 6 H20 + energy
ATP
Composed of:
Five-carbon sugar (ribose) Adenine Triphosphate group
Energy Storage
ATP
Instability makes ATP ideal for short-term energy source, but a poor candidate for long-term energy storage.
ATP
Enzyme driving reaction has two binding sites. One for the reactant and one for ATP.
Energy released from ATP pushes the reactant at the site up the gradient.
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Glycolysis
Aerobic Respiration
Pyruvate Oxidation Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
Yields a net of two ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose catabolized.
Anaerobic Respiration
In the absence of oxygen, some organisms can still respire anaerobically, using inorganic molecules to accept electrons.
Methanogens Sulfur Bacteria
Glycolysis
Priming
Glucose Priming Cleavage and Rearrangement
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
Oxidation ATP Generation
Glycolysis
Most present-day organisms can extract considerably more energy from glucose through aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis
Two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH. Thus NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue unabated.
Aerobic Respiration Fermentation
Oxidation of Pyruvate
Krebs Cycle
The Krebs Cycle generates two ATP molecules per molecule of glucose.
Harvest many energized electrons which can be directed to the electron transport chain to drive synthesis of more ATP.
Krebs Cycle
Overview
Step A: Priming Step B: Energy Extraction
Reactions
Reaction 1 - Condensation Reactions 2 and 3 Isomerization Reaction 4 - First Oxidation Reaction 5 - Second Oxidation
Krebs Cycle
Reaction 6 - Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Reaction 7 - Third Oxidation Reactions 8 and 9-Oxaloacetate Regeneration
Electron Extraction
Catabolism of glucose involves a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that release energy by re-depositing electrons closer to oxygen atoms. Energy is thus harvested from glucose in gradual steps, using NAD+ as an electron carrier.
The electrons harvested from glucose are pumped out of the mitochondrial matrix by the electron transport chain.
Oxidative reduction produces approximately 30 molecules of ATP from each molecule of glucose in eukaryotic cells.
Relative levels of ADP and ATP regulate the catabolism of glucose at key committing reactions.
Energy Storage
Proteins, fats, and other organic molecules are also metabolized for energy.
Amino acids of proteins are first deaminated while fats undergo oxidation.
Fermentation
Electrons that result from the glycolytic breakdown of glucose are donated to an organic molecule regenerating NAD+ from NADH.
Review