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Sports Injuries
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Learning objectives
Learning objectives
What we will learn in this presentation: How to classify injuries as chronic or acute How to classify injuries as soft tissue or hard tissue Different types of skin damage cuts, grazes, blisters and chafing The causes and treatment of strains, sprains, dislocations and torn cartilage How to identify and treat fractures The treatment of injuries R.I.C.E. The causes and treatment of unconsciousness D.R.A.B.C., resuscitation and the recovery position
Injuries
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Chronic injuries
Injuries can be classed as chronic or acute. First, we will consider chronic injuries. Chronic injuries are caused by continuous stress on a body part over a long time.
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In golf and tennis elbow, the tendons that attach muscles to the elbow joint become inflamed, sore and painful.
These injuries should be treated by applying an icepack and resting for several weeks.
Physiotherapy treatment may be needed and possibly cortisone (steroid) injections to relieve the pain.
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Acute injuries
Acute injuries occur when there is sudden stress on the body. There are three main causes: 1. Collisions with opponents or obstacles.
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Acute injuries
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Soft tissue injuries involve damage to skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments or cartilage.
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Grazes or abrasions where skin is scraped off the body, need to be cleaned carefully. Grazes that result from falls can often contain dirt and grit.
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They most commonly occur on the feet, due to ill-fitting shoes, and on the hands, due to excessive wear and tear (e.g. from rowing and archery).
A bubble of liquid forms just under the skin to protect the area while new skin is grown underneath. Never burst the bubble, as the blister may then become infected. Chafing is caused by ill-fitting clothing or material. Longdistance runners are particularly prone to chafing in areas like the armpits, where clothing may rub.
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Closed injuries
Bruises occur when small blood vessels are damaged by an impact or sudden wrenching movement. This causes bleeding beneath the skin, leading to swelling and discolouration.
Strained (pulled) muscles result from muscles being suddenly and forcefully overstretched.
This tears the muscle fibres, usually where they attach to the tendon. The muscle is painful and its strength is reduced.
Bruises and strains should be treated with ice to reduce the swelling.
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Dislocation
A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or twisted out of place at a joint. When the shoulder is dislocated, the humerus is pulled out of the socket on the scapula. The injured person is usually unable to move their arm, and the shoulder loses its rounded shape. Dislocations are very painful. They require hospital treatment to move the bone back into position. The ligaments and tissue around the joint can take a long time to recover.
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cartilage
An icepack can reduce swelling, but surgery is sometimes needed to repair the damaged cartilage.
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Fractures
Fractures can be open (simple) or closed (compound).
A simple or closed fracture means that the bone is cracked but the skin is not broken.
A compound or open fracture means that the skin is broken and the bone is sticking out.
Open fractures are more serious. They usually involve blood loss.
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Fractures
Fractures are usually caused by violent impacts. They are most common in contact sports like rugby, and sports where there is a risk of falling from height or at speed, for example, horse riding, skiing and climbing. Fractures are difficult to prevent as they are caused by sudden and unexpected events or accidents. Using correct technique and playing by the rules can reduce the risks to some extent. Fractures should be treated by immobilizing the injured area with a splint or sling and controlling any bleeding with a dressing. The casualty should not be moved until the ambulance arrives, unless absolutely necessary.
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R.I.C.E.
Whenever there is any injury to bones, joints, ligaments muscles or tendons, blood vessels will be damaged.
Broken blood vessels mean that blood leaks into tissues around the injury. This will lead to swelling, bruising and pain.
To combat the effects of this, you should follow the R.I.C.E method of treatment: R Rest I Ice
C Compression E Elevation
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R.I.C.E.
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Unconsciousness
Unconsciousness can be caused by a number of things.
1. Fainting common fainting is a temporary abnormality in blood flow to the brain. It can be caused by stress, heat or physical exertion.
2. Head injury any blow to the head can cause unconsciousness, whether it damages the skull or not. 3. Heart attack or stroke this can interrupt blood flow to the brain.
4. Asphyxia breathing is obstructed, for example if the person has inhaled water.
5. Shock caused by blood loss, infection or heart problems. Unconsciousness can also be a sign of a wide range of illnesses, for example, diabetes.
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D.R.A.B.C.
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Resuscitation
If an unconscious casualty is not breathing, rescue breaths (or mouth-to-mouth resuscitation) can be used. This involves the rescuer repeatedly blowing air into the mouth of the casualty to inflate and deflate their lungs. This allows some oxygen into the body.
An unconscious casualty who is breathing and has no life-threatening conditions should be placed in the recovery position.
This keeps the airway open and prevents them swallowing their own tongue or choking on vomit.
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Concussion
Concussion is a common cause of unconsciousness while playing sport. Concussion occurs when an individual has received a blow to the head, causing an injury to the brain. This could be caused by falling or being hit by something or someone.
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A person may be concussed without losing consciousness. The signs can include disorientation, loss of vision, vomiting, paleness, a racing pulse and shallow breathing.
Concussion should be treated at hospital.
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Dehydration
When we exercise, especially in hot conditions, the body loses water as a result of sweating. If the performer does not re-hydrate by drinking lots of water, they may suffer from dehydration.
The body also loses important electrolytes salts which conduct nerve impulses and maintain cell metabolism.
This results in the performer feeling very tired, nauseous and faint. The performer should stop exercising and re-hydrate somewhere cool.
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Hypothermia
Normal body temperature is 37C. If a performers body temperature falls below 35C, they begin to suffer from hypothermia. People who take part in activities in mountainous areas or on water are particularly at risk. Common symptoms of hypothermia are shivering, paleness, loss of dexterity and erratic behaviour.
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Quiz
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Exam-style questions
1. Explain what is meant by: a) a soft tissue injury
b) a chronic injury.
2. Fran turns her ankle over during her ballet lesson. Her ankle is painful and her teacher says she may have damaged some ligaments. a) What injury does Frans teacher suspect? b) Describe how the injury should be treated.
3. A hockey player is hit on the head by the ball. They appear to be unconscious. Describe how you would treat the casualty.
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Continuous stress
Overuse injury Soft tissue injury
Sprain
Dislocation Fracture simple / closed
Cuts
Grazes and abrasions Blisters and chafing
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D.R.A.B.C.
Concussion Dehydration Hypothermia
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