MOTOR DRIVES

 Widely use in many application

 Interfacing between i/p power and motor

 To drive 3 types motor drives

DC motor drives
Induction motor drives
Synchronous motor drives
 Power
Power electronic
electronic
Controller
Controller Motor
Motor Process
Process
converter
converter

Process
Process Control
Control
Computer
Computer

Process determines the requirement of motor

drives
 Criteria for selecting drive component :-
Match motor and load
Load parameter & requirement
• Load inertia, Max speed, speed range, motion
direction
Motion profile – achieve max torque and speed
Thermal consideration
Match motor and PE cct
Current rating – PE cct choose based on rms &
peak required motor torque
Voltage rating – depends on motor max speed so
Vsupply<Vemf
Switching freq. & motor inductance
• Fast response – L small
• Small steady state current – L large
• Solution – control switching freq – ↑ switching
freq ↑ losses
 Optimize selection of L and f
The power electronic converter

 Topology depend on the type of motor drive selected.

 Provides a controlled voltage to the motor in order to

control the motor current and, hence the
electromagnetic torque produced by the motor.

Electromagnetic
Power electronic Motor Motor torque produced by
converter voltage current the motor
DC DRIVES
 DC motors
have been used in industrial applications for
years.
Coupled with a DC drive - provide very precise
control.
Application
conveyers, elevators, extruders, marine
applications, material handling, paper, plastics,
rubber, steel, and textile applications.

 Two types of DC drives :

Series dc motor
Separately exited dc motor
 Characteristics:
Can provide a high starting torque
Possible to obtain speed control over a wide
range.

 The disadvantage:
Not suitable for very high speed applications –
due to commutations
 dc

(b) Chopper-fed drive

Controlled rectifier-fed drive and dc-dc converter-fed drives

Separately Excited DC Series DC Motor
Motor

Single excitation
Excitation separately –
Separately Excited DC Series DC Motor
Motor The steady-state
The steady-state average quantities are:
average quantities are: E g = K υ ωI a
Vf = Rf I f Va = ( Ra + R f ) I a + E g
E g = K υ ωI f = ( R a + R f ) I a + K υ ωI f
Va = R a I a + E g Td = K t I a I f
= R a I a + K υ ωI f = Bω + TL
Td = K t I f I a
= Bω + TL
the developed power is : Pd = Td ω
Separately Excited DC Series DC Motor
Motor Motor speed
Motor speed Va − ( Ra + R f ) I a
V − Ra I a ω=
ω= a Kυ I f
Kυ I f
 The motor speed ctrl :-
 The motor speed ctrl :-
 Armature voltage
 Controlling armature
voltage (Va) : Voltage  Armature current
control
 Controlling field current
(If) : Field control
 A thyristor bridge commonly used control the speed of a
DC motor - varying the DC voltage.
 A DC drive - supplies voltage to the motor to operate at a
desired speed.
 The motor draws current from this power source in
proportion to the torque (load) applied to the motor shaft.
 variable-speed applications, DC motor drive should be
capable of four quadrant operations

2 1

4
3
 Quadrant 1 : Motoring
Running at forward direction
Applied voltage is greater than back emf
Positive current flows into the armature
The power drawn from the supply to the load
Ia is positive
 Quadrant 2 : Forward braking / Generator
The supply voltage is reduced to a value which
is below the back emf (Va < Eg), the current will
reverse direction - power is negative
Power supply is supplied from machine -
generator
Cause the speed fall
 Quadrant 3 : Reverse motoring
Speed and torque is negative
In practice, only need to change the polarity of
the armature supply
 Quadrant 4 : Reverse braking
The polarity is same as in quadrant 3, but the
supply voltage is reduced to value lower than
back emf
AC DRIVES
 Electric motors - transform electrical energy into
mechanical energy
 Application – pump, fan, conveyor, mixer etc.
 Speed of the system is depends on mechanical design
and loading
 The speed of a motor controlled - variable or adjustable
speed drives (DC @ AC motor).
 AC variable speed drive – use inverter
Mechanical Basics

 Force  is a push or a pull. It may be caused by

electromagnetism, gravity, or a combination of physical
means.

 Torque  is a twisting or turning force that tends to

cause an object to rotate. It is the product of force and
radius (lever distance)

torque (τ ) = Force × Radius

 Angular (Rotational) Speed  The angular speed of a
rotating object is a measurement of how long it takes a
given point on the object to make one complete cycle
from its starting point. It is generally given in
revolutions/radius per minute (RPM).

 Power  is the rate of doing work, or work divided by

time. In other words, power is the amount of work it
takes to move the package from one point to another
point, divided by the time

Force × Dis tan ce

Power =
time
work
power =
time
Equivalent cct of AC motor
 Vs  Line voltage applied to stator power leads
 Rs  Stator resistance
 Ls  Stator leakage inductance
 Is  Stator current
E  Air gap or magnetizing voltage
 LM  Magnetizing inductance
 IM  Magnetizing current
 RR  Rotor resistance
 LR  Rotor leakage inductance
 IW  Working or torque producing current
 AC drives - convert AC power - adjustable frequency,
adjustable voltage output - controlling motor operation
 The three common inverter types are:
variable voltage inverter (VVI) / voltage source
inverter (VSI)
current source inverter (CSI)
pulse width modulation (PWM)
Cycloconverter - used for very large motors
 AC drives - convert AC to DC, and then through various
switching techniques invert the DC into a variable
voltage, variable frequency output.
 DC link
Inverter
converter
SCR
Transistor

3φ motor

Voltage Source Inverter

 Voltage

Current

 Referred to as six-step - takes six 600 steps to complete

one 3600 cycle.
 Although the motor prefers a smooth sine wave, a
square-wave output can be satisfactorily used.
 The non-sinusoidal current waveform causes extra
heating in the motor and requires a motor derating
Pulse width modulation inverter
 Voltage

Current

 PWM provide a more sinusoidal current output to control

frequency and voltage supplied to an AC motor.

 It is more efficient and typically provides higher levels of

performance
Shorter “on” duration, lower voltage

Longer “on” duration, higher voltage