Sed Rock Class

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.
4A. Introduction. 4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 1. Conglomerates and Breccias. 2. Sandstones. 3. Mudrocks. 4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. 4D. Other Sedimentary Rocks. 1. Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 2. Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 3. Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks. 4. Phosphates. 5. Evaporites.
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Geology 3153 Part 4.

4A. Introduction.
4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 1. Conglomerates and Breccias. 2. Sandstones. 3. Mudrocks. 4C. Carbonate Rock Classification.
4D. Other Sedimentary Rocks. 1. Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 2. Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 3. Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks. 4. Phosphates. 5. Evaporites.
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4A. Introduction. To this point, we have been discussing the constituent particles and the origin of the particles that make up sediments and sedimentary rocks. Our attention now turns to the classification of sedimentary rocks. Although many classification schemes have been proposed and are taught at other institutions, the schemes presented herein are arguable the most widely used and/or most useful for most applied geology endeavors. Why do scientist like to make classifications? What is the purpose of classification?
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4A. Introduction. Why do scientist like to make classifications? What is the purpose of classification? Classification is the process of defining systematic order to various phenomena. In science, it is an attempt to organize natural phenomena. Classification schemes can be strictly descriptive, or explicitly or implicitly genetic (i.e. the organization is according to the understood origin of a phenomena). A problem with classifications that have a strong genetic aspect is that they are only as valid, useful as our understanding of the origin of the phenomena being classified.
Geology 3153 Part 4. 4
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4A. Introduction. Why do scientist like to make classifications? What is the purpose of classification? A name communicating an idea is the most useful outcome of any classification scheme. 3 rock attributes used in classification: texture = the size and shape of the constituent particles; composition = the type (mineral, mineralloid, etc.) of the particles; fabric = spatial arrangement of the particles. In classifying sedimentary rocks, fabric is mainly used to distinguish between: sediment = unconsolidated sedimentary particles, and rock = consolidated sedimentary particles (by compaction and/or cementation).
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4A. Introduction. General classification sedimentary rocks is based on our understanding of the origin of the constituent particles:
clastic
broken particles derived from weathering of pre-existing rock, and transported to site of deposition particles resulting from biologically mediated chemical precipitation, and are formed in or near site of deposition
biochemical =
chemical
crystalline particles resulting from direct chemical precipitation from an aqueous solution, and are formed in or near site of deposition
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4A. Introduction. Volumetric proportion in Earths sedimentary shell: Rock and sediment equivalent conglomerates sandstones mudrocks carbonates others Estimated volume 1-2 % 10-20 % 50-80 % 10 % ~5 %
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4A. Introduction.
4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification.

1. Conglomerates and Breccias. 2. Sandstones. 3. Mudrocks.
4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. 4D. Other Sedimentary Rocks. 1. Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 2. Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 3. Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks. 4. Phosphates. 5. Evaporites.
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. Clastic sedimentary rocks are classified by either an emphasis on texture or composition. As we discussed in Part 3, clastic sedimentary particles can communicate information about: character or depositional processes and history of abrasion ~texture; type and degree of pre-existing rock weathering ~composition.
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. Primary subdivision of clastic sediments and sedimentary rocks is based on texture:
Gravel Percentage
Sand:Mud Ratio
Sediment
Rock
>30%
not used
Gravel Conglomerate (subangular or better roundness) Rubble Breccia (angular or poorer roundness)
Sand Mud Sandstone Mudrock
<30%
>1:1 <1:1
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 4B.1 Conglomerates and Breccias.
Because of their coarser texture, conglomerates and breccias are dominated by rock fragments. Thus, classification emphasizes texture.
Wentworth grain size class names are used based on median size of the framework grains, for example: cobble gravel = 256 to 64 mm clastic sediment; cobble conglomerate = 256 to 64 mm clastic rock. Roundness is already utilized in name (see previous slide).
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 4B.1 Conglomerates and Breccias. Because most gravels and conglomerates are moderately sorted, sorting modifiers are only used for extreme cases, for example: very poorly sorted boulder breccia; well sorted granule conglomerate. Compositional aspects can be introduced by using the terms:
monomictic meaning >75% of a single rock fragment
for example, monomictic quartzite granule conglomerate
polymictic referring to a mixture of rock fragment types

can include in name dominate rock fragment type
In general, but not always (consider texture too), monomictic indicates proximity to source. Why?
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 4B.1 Conglomerates and Breccias. To assist in writing of rock names, a general form can be used. General form for conglomerates and breccias:
composition modifier | texture modifier | root name root name: gravel, rubble, conglomerate or breccia texture modifier: Wentworth gravel class name;
where appropriate use roundness (if extreme case) then sorting modifiers polymictic
composition modifier: dominate rock fragment typed; monomictic or

Recall from English grammar the organization of modifiers for emphasis and logical association; compound punctuation debatable.
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 4B.2 Sandstones.
Naming of sandstones depends on emphasis:

texture if emphasis is sedimentary process, or composition if emphasis is source rock. In other words, consider what it is you are attempting to communicate to others. What is emphasis, purpose of your study?
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Texture emphasis:
general form of a name:
composition modifier | texture modifiers | root name root name: Wentworth size class for median size texture modifiers:
first (right) is sorting second (left) is roundness
composition modifier: see below; use ic suffix; can be optional

example: quartz arenitic, well rounded, well sorted fine sandstone
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Composition emphasis:
The most widely used sandstone compositional root names come from the Folk Classification. ternary diagram poles: Q = quartz + quartzite F = feldspars + plutonic and gneiss rock fragments R = all other rock fragments specific names for litharenites: Volcanic Litharenite Sedimentary Litharenite Phyllarenite = meta-lithics
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Rationale behind QFR poles: Q = likely first-cycle if >75% Q grains subrounded or poorer; possible recycle if >95% Q grains well rounded or better; definite recycle if abraded quartz overgrowths present F = first cycle plutonic or gneiss R = first cycle if R grains are metamorphic or volcanic; recycle if R grains sedimentary A name communicating a much broader idea or implication.
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general form of a name:
texture modifiers | root name root name: use Folk composition name texture modifiers:
first (right) is Wentworth size class name middle is sorting third (left) is roundness
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examples (consider framework composition only): Q=96% F=2% R=2% is a Quartz Arenite Q=62% F= 30% R=8%(meta) is a Arkose Q=52% F=30% R=8% Biotite=10% is a ??? need to recalculate QFR to 100%
Q=58% F=33% R=9% is an Arkose or biotite-bearing Arkose
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 4B.3 Mudrocks.
Recall that mud is the sediment grain size category for sizes <0.0625mm (c.f. Udden-Wentworth scale).
Mudrocks are sedimentary rocks with various admixtures of silt and clay size particles with <30% gravel and sand:mud <1:1.
Simple Field Tests for the Distinction of Silt and Clay Rub the Rock: sand feels like sand paper; grains visible with hand lens; silt feels rough, like Emory cloth some silt feels slightly rough clay feels smooth, like talcum powder Use the Bite Test: silt gritty on teeth clay smooth Warning: do not use this test on drill cuttings.
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 4B.3 Mudrocks. Mudrock classification is based on texture and degree of fissility: fissility = tendency to break parallel to bedding planes.
Mud Fraction
Sediment silt mud
Nonfissile
siltstone mudstone
Rock
Fissile
very uncommon most common
>2/3 silt silt ~ clay
silt shale mud shale
common
>2/3 clay
clay
claystone
clay shale
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4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 4B.3 Mudrocks. General form of a name:
color | compositional modifier | root name root name: use sediment or rock texture name composition name: use mineral or other constituents color: good indicator or oxidation state
examples:
red kaolinite claystone; brown smectite mud shale; black carbonaneous clay shale
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4A. Introduction. 4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 1. Conglomerates and Breccias. 2. Sandstones. 3. Mudrocks.
4C. Carbonate Rock Classification.

4D. Other Sedimentary Rocks. 1. Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 2. Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 3. Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks. 4. Phosphates. 5. Evaporites.
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. What is the general occurrence of carbonates and clastics?
Sediments or rocks that contain >50% carbonate framework grains and matrix is a carbonate.
As a general rule, carbonates contain can contain some sand and gravel, but contain very little or no mud. However, carbonate and muddy clastics do occur interlayered with each other.
carbonate sediment
think about where carbonates occur today

1/8/2014 sand segregation and Geology 3153 Part 4. by transport mode gravel
stipple area denotes most common occurrence
segregation by biological tolerance
mud 24

4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. Like clastic rock classifications, carbonate rock classifications consider both the rock texture and composition. Unlike clastics, carbonate rock classifications do not consider the details of the textural attributes because they are not, by themselves, particularly significant carbonate grains come in wide variety of sizes, shapes and bulk densities. What is significant: 1) proportion of carbonate framework grains to matrix, which is ubiquitous in carbonate sedimentary environments; 2) carbonate grains that are not organically bound (e.g. loose skeletals, peloids, etc.); and 3) carbonate structures formed by organic bounding.
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. If the original depositional fabric is recognizable, then use
Embry-Klovan Classification, where is here modified as a

decision tree (Kerr, unpublished). Other carbonate classification schemes are available, but these either require microscopic analysis or are overly simplistic. The Embry-Klovan classification is being used widely in modern carbonate literature. This classification is an elaboration of the older Dunham Classification for carbonate rocks.
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. If the original depositional fabric is not recognizable, then use
crystalline limestone = dominated by calcite

crystalline dolostone = dominate by dolomite
in the recent literature, it is preferable to make the distinction between: dolomite = mineral, and dolostone = rock dominated by mineral dolomite the prefix dolo- can be used with Embry-Klovan names too; for example, dolograinstone
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. Modified Emery-Klovan Classification.
The original illustration for the classification had a series of hierarchical boxes that eventually lead to a carbonate name.
My attempts to teach, explain this illustration kept leading to the asking of a series of questions that lead to a name in other words, following a decision tree.
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Admittedly, such names may seem alien to you. Just keep in mind that the names should conjure up an image that we will relate to carbonate environments later in the semester.
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. Unfortunately, the mudstone is found in both clastic and carbonate classifications. If you are dealing with both, then you should make a clear distinction, for example: clastic mudstone, or carbonate mudstone. In determining if a carbonate rock is framework-supported use the following guide: for equants, it is frame-support if >60% grains; for non-equants, it is frame-support down to 45% grains.
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. Many organisms, both past and present, are found or form rigid or semirigid frames (i.e. organically bound). Such organisms are generally referred to as framebuilders. Bounding is by: buidling a rigid frame; for example, corals, bryozoans & sponges;
encrusting or binding sediment; for example, red algae and

cyanobacterial mats; acting as baffles to slow currents promoting sediment deposition; for example, phylloid algae The type of fossil organisms and consequence organic bounding mechanism is dependent on geologic age. Why?
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification.
mainly Bafflestones and Bindstones mainly Framestones
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. General form of a name:
modifier | root name

root name: use Embry-Klovan, or crystalline designation modifier: list major grain types or framebuilders with most near root
examples:
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4C. Carbonate Rock Classification. examples:
1) 5% pebble-size and 70% sand-size coral fragments; 20% micrite; 5% porosity:

Note: the usual routine is to make your own observations; here we will have to use certain key words to guide your determination of an appropriate rock name. fragments = broken, transported particles
coral packstone
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2) 30% rudist clams in growth position; 20% calcite cement 50% porosity:
in growth position and in life position = if framebuidlers, then clue for organic bounding rudist framestone
phylloid algal is another keyword for organic baffle actor

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3) 10% peloids; 20% sand-size skeletals; 70% micrite:
peloid, skeletal wackestone
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4) 20% gravel-size intraclasts; 60% skeletal fragments; 10% micrite; 10% porosity:
intraclast, skeletal rudstone
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4A. Introduction. 4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification. 1. Conglomerates and Breccias. 2. Sandstones. 3. Mudrocks. 4C. Carbonate Rock Classification.
4D. Other Sedimentary Rocks.
1. Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 2. Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks. 3. Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks. 4. Phosphates. 5. Evaporites.
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 1. Organic Carbon-Rich Sedimentary Rocks.
Organic carbon in sediments and rocks is largely controlled by preservation conditions:

reducing chemical conditions ( Eh ); and removal from degradation by aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Places: lakes with seasonal ice cover or stagnation;
silled basins with isolated bottom waters;

continental slope below upwelling circulation.
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 2. Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks.
Where iron is of sufficient concentration and transportation conditions favorable, iron-rich sedimentary rocks are mined for iron ore.
A variety of minerals see notes. Occurrences and origins: Phanerozoic oxisol soils and paleosols; large influx of Fe+2 (highly mobile) in to oxygen-rich waters; Archean-Proterozoic Banded Iron Formation related to evolutionary introduction of algae and other photosynthesizers.
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 2. Iron-Rich Sedimentary Rocks.
Banded Iron Formation:
http://www2.bc.edu/~strother/GE_146/lectures/pics21/bif.html
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 3. Siliceous Sedimentary Rocks.
Chert is a non-clastic sedimentary rock made up of microcrystalline quartz, which is also know as chalcedony.
The original source of silica comes from microscopic animal and plant skeletal material. Transformation with burial: silica ooze opal/christobalite gel chalcedony rock Can occur as chert beds, and as chert nodules in carbonates and clastics, particularly mudrocks.
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 4. Phosphates.
The most economically available occurrence of phosphate is in sedimentary rocks. The most common mineral is apatite, a calcium phosphate.
Modes of occurrence: ooids and peloids; selective early replacement of skeletal debris; nonselective replacement, usually as nodules, of matrix. Places of occurrence: under upwelling circulation (rising phosphorous-rich deep water; far offshore away from dilution effects of clastics and carbonate sediment accumulation.
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 5. Evaporites.
Evaporite sedimentary rocks are examples of chemical sedimentary rocks, that is the result of direct chemical precipitation from aqueous solution.
Most evaporite accumulations are associated with concentrations of seawater through evaporation (arid climate).
Top 5 Dissolved Substances Fresh Water Sea Water
TDS = 0.01% TDS = 3.5%
-2
HCO3 and CO3 +2 Ca H4SiO4 -2 SO4 Cl

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Cl + Na -2 SO4 +2 Mg +2 Ca
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 5. Evaporites. Modes of occurrence: bedded evaporites crystallization in water column settling to bottom and crystallization nodules in carbonate mud crystallization from pore waters gypsum (anhydrite) nodules commonly display fabrics: enterolithic (intestine like) merging of nodules; and chicken wire segregation of impurities
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 5. Evaporites. The origin of thick accumulations of evaporite minerals was first elucidated by Usiglio, Italian chemist mid-1850s, who observed the order of mineral precipitation by evaporating Mediterranean seawater: 1,000 m tall column of seawater yields 14.9 m thick deposit mineral order: first calcite/aragonite dolomite gypsum/anhydrite halite potassium salts
last
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4A. Introduction. 4A. 5. Evaporites. How well does Usiglios experiments compare to natural occurrence of evaporite deposits? Evaporite deposits are typically 1,000s meters thick; by experiment this would require a single column of seawater 67,340 meters tall (c.f. abyssal ocean depths only 3,000 m). In nature, evaporite mineral successions are incomplete or repeated. Was Usiglios experiment wrong? No, difference between closed (test-tube) systems and open systems.
natural systems replenished with seawater and isolated basins

Arid lake deposits typically include borate minerals.
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Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

4B. Clastic Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

monomictic meaning >75% of a single rock fragment

for example, monomictic quartzite granule conglomerate

polymictic referring to a mixture of rock fragment types

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

composition modifier: dominate rock fragment typed; monomictic or

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Naming of sandstones depends on emphasis:

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

composition modifier: see below; use ic suffix; can be optional

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Q=58% F=33% R=9% is an Arkose or biotite-bearing Arkose

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Sediment silt mud

very uncommon most common

>2/3 silt silt ~ clay

silt shale mud shale

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

4C. Carbonate Rock Classification.

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

think about where carbonates occur today

stipple area denotes most common occurrence

segregation by biological tolerance

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

Embry-Klovan Classification, where is here modified as a

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.

crystalline limestone = dominated by calcite

Geology 3153 Part 4.

Part 4. Sedimentary Rock Classification.