Topics 3.1 & 3.2.9-3.2.12 Chapters 13.1-3,11; 14.

1-2,7-9

 At a microscopic level, temperature is regarded as a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule associated with its movement in the substance Materials have internal energy (U) Internal energy of a body is the total energy associated with

Temperature

Internal Energy

the thermal motions of the particles Can be comprised of both Ek and Ep associated with particle motion Ek comes from the translational and rotational motion of molecules Ep comes from the forces between the molecules (bonding, intermolecular forces, etc.)

 The term thermal energy or heat represents non-

Thermal Energy/Heat

mechanical energy transfer between a system and its surroundings due to a temperature difference Occurs from higher to lower temperature regions
Incorrect to refer to the thermal energy of/in an

object Occurs between TWO objects

Heat is the flow of thermal energy from one object

to another
Increases the internal energy of the receiver Decreases the internal energy of the donor

 Heat can be transferred from one body to another

Methods of Heat Transfer

by:
Conduction (contact) Convection (through a fluid) Radiation (from electromagnetic radiation, photons)

Conduction
An exchange of energy between microscopic particles by collisions Less energetic particles gain energy during collisions with more energetic particles Rate of conduction depends upon the characteristics of the substance In general, metals are good conductors Contain large numbers of electrons that are relatively free to move through the metal Transport energy from one region to another Conduction can occur only if there is a difference in temperature between two parts of the conducting medium

 When two bodies are placed in contact, heat flows from the warmer body to the colder body until the two objects reach the same temperature
At thermal equilibrium, NET energy flow is zero Energy flow has not stopped

Thermal Equilibrium

Thermometers
Devices used to measure the temperature of an object or a system Make use of physical properties that change with temperature Many physical properties can be used

Temperature Scales
Thermometers can be calibrated by placing them in thermal contact

with an environment that remains at constant temperature Celsius Scale The upper fixed point is the boiling point of pure water at atmospheric pressure (set to 100 oC) The lower fixed point is the melting point of pure water at atmospheric pressure (set to 0 oC) Scale between them was divided by 100 to give individual degrees Kelvin Scale Based on atomci level (no negative Kelvin temperature) When the pressure of a gas goes to zero, its temperature is 273.15 oC This temperature is called absolute zero Absloute zero corresponds to no motion at the atomic level To convert: TK = TC + 273.15

 Amount of a substance which contains the same

The Mole

number of elementary entities as there are in 12 grams of carbon-12 1mole = 6.02x1023 particles/molecules/atoms/ions Denoted By NA and called Avogadro constant

Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of the substance SI unit: kg mol-1

Molar Mass

Kinetic Theory
Concept that matter is made up of atoms which are

in continual random motion is called kinetic theory This leads to the idea of pressure
Particles collide with the walls of the container Particles change their momentum and exert a force

on the wall This creates pressure Collisions of the molecules with the container (not with each other) create the pressure

Ideal Gas vs. Real Gas

Ideal gas is a theoretical gas that obeys the gas laws and thus fit the ideal gas equation exactly Real gases conform to the gas laws under certain limited

conditions But they condense to liquids and then solidify if the temperature is lowered Furthermore, there are relatively small forces of attraction between particles of a real gas

To make a real gas obey ideal gas laws, the following assumptions are made about he molecules in a gas: 1. Gases consist of a very large number of tiny particles called atoms or molecules moving in random directions with a variety of speeds 2. On average, molecules are far apart from one another (much larger than their diameter) so that the range of intermolecular forces is small compared with the distance between them 3. No forces act between particles except during collisions 4. Molecules are assumed to obey Newtons Laws and are assumed to interact only when they collide 5. All collisions are assumed to be perfectly elastic

Kinetic Model of Ideal Gas

Kinetic Theory
The kinetic theory relates the macroscopic behavior

of an ideal gas to the microscopic behavior of its molecules or atoms HOMEWORK:

1. How are pressure and temperature related? Explain

using kinetic theory. 2. How are pressure and volume be related? Explain using kinetic theory. 3. How are volume and temperature related? Explain using kinetic theory.