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OUTLINE
Return Risk Measuring Historical Return Measuring Historical Risk
Return
Return is the primary motivating force that drives
investment. The return of an investment consists of two components:
Current return
Capital return
Risk
Risk refers to the possibility that the actual outcome of an investment will deviate from its expected outcome. The three major sources of risk are : business risk, interest rate risk, and market risk.
Modern portfolio theory looks at risk from a different perspective. It divides total risk as follows.
Total risk
Unique risk
Market risk
1+GEOMETRIC MEAN
1+ARITHMETIC MEAN
STANDARD DEVIATION
THE CHOICE BETWEEN A.M. AND G.M. A.M MORE APPROPRIATE MEASURE OF AVERAGE PERFORMANCE OVER SINGLE PERIOD G.M IS A BETTER MEASURE OF GROWTH IN WEALTH OVER TIME 1 + NOMINAL RETURN REAL RETURN = 1 + INFLATION RATE -1
A.M G.M
= 10% 8.2%
THE EXPECTED VALUE, OR PROBABILITY - WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF ALL POSSIBLE OUTCOMES IS EQUAL TO:
PERIOD 1 2 3 4 5 6
n -1
RETURN Ri 15 12 20 -10 14 9 Ri = 60 R = 10 (Ri - R)2 = 107.2 DEVIATAION (Ri - R) 5 2 10 -20 4 -1 SQUARE OF DEVIATION (Ri - R)2 25 4 100 400 16 1 (Ri - R)2 = 536
2 =
= [107.2]1/2 = 10.4
n -1
DEFENCE
1. IF A VARIABLE IS NORMALLY DISTRIBUTED AND CAPTURE ALL INFORMATION 2. IF UTILITY OF MONEY QUADRATIC FUNCTION EXPECTED UTILITY .. f (, ) 3. STANDARD DEVIATION ANALYTICALLY MORE EASILY TRACTABLE.
13.0
17.3
20.2
33.4
Risk Premiums
EQUITY RISK PREMIUM
pi Ri
STANDARD DEVIATION OF RETURN = [ pi (Ri - E(R) )2] Bharat Foods Stock i. State of the Economy 1. Boom 2. Normal 3. Recession pi Ri piRi Ri-E(R) (Ri-E(R))2 pi(Ri-E(R))2
0.30 16 4.8 4.5 20.25 6.075 0.50 11 5.5 -0.5 0.25 0.125 0.20 6 1.2 -5.5 30.25 6.050 E(R ) = piRi = 11.5 pi(Ri E(R))2 =12.25 = [pi(Ri-E(R))2]1/2 = (12.25)1/2 = 3.5%
Normal Distribution
68.3%
+1 S.D.
+2 S.D.
Possible return
SUMMING UP
PB
over time.
The real return is defined as: 1+ Nominal return
-1
1+ Inflation rate
There are three well known risk premiums: equity risk premium, bond horizon premium, and bond default premium. The expected rate of return on a stock is: n E(R) = piRi i=1 The standard deviation of return is: 2 = ( pi (Ri E(R)2 )
1/2