Toxoids and Viral Vaccines

Toxoids
are detoxified toxins used to initiate active immunity
Typically produced by formaldehyde treatment of the toxin.

Safe and unquestionable efficacious

 Disease states:

All of these diseases are produced not by a bacterium but by an exotoxin produced by that organism. The exotoxins are the most serious part of the disease.
In diphtheria, the exotoxin causes production of a pseudo membrane in the throat; the membrane then adheres to the tonsils. The organisms release a potent exotoxin that causes headache,

Tetanus is caused by skin wound w/ anaerobic conditions at the wound site.

Clinically used toxoids:

Adsorbed Tetanus Toxoid
Adsorb Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoid for adults. DTP DTP Adsorbed

Viral Vaccines:
Smallpox Influenza Vaccine Polio Vaccine
Human Papilloma Virus

Hepatitis Vaccine
Hepatitis A Vaccine Hepatitis B Vaccine Hepatitis C Vaccine Hepatitis E Vaccine

Rubella Vaccine
Measles Vaccine Mumps Vaccine

Combination Products
Chickenpox Vaccine

Smallpox Vaccine
Live vaccinia (cowpox) vaccine grown on skin of bovine calf
Highly lethal and disfiguring diseases but there have been no reported cases of smallpox since 1940

Influenza Vaccine
A multivalent inactivated influenza virus or viral subunits. Grown on chick embryo and inactivated by exposure to UV light or formaldehyde.

Polio Vaccines
Polio is a dangerous viral infection that affects both muscle mass and the spinal cord causing paralysis. The symptoms may reappear 40-50 years after a severe infection. This phenomenon is known as PPMA.

Two types of Polio Vaccine:

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV)

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)

An enhanced potency poliovirus more potent and immunogenic than any of the previous IPV formulations and recommended for all four infant doses.
A trivalent vaccine grown in monkey kidney culture and is injected to cause induction of active systemic immunity from polio but not stop polio-carriers who shed the virus from the oral and nasal cavities.

Trivalent Oral Polio Vaccine (TOPV)

-Live attenuated whole virus vaccine containing polio strains 1,2 and 3 grown on monkey kidney tissue
-oral administration of the vaccine yields a local GI infection and the initial immune response is via IgA, antigen complex undergoes trancystosis across the mucosal membrane and systemic immunity is induced as IgM and IgG form.

Rubella Vaccine
German measles is a disease that was once called the 3day measles and was considered a normal childhood illness that has a few harmless consequences; in the first trimester of pregnancy it can cause birth defects including heart disease, blindness, learning disorder and spontaneous abortion of the fetus

Measles Vaccine
Very serious highly contagious disease causing fever rashes and cough lasting for 1-2 weeks and sometimes extreme sensitivity to light. The rash may occur inside the eyelids producing a very painful conditions.
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Mumps Vaccine
Mumps may cause inflammation of the covering of the brain and spinal cord. Men may experience a painful swelling of the testicles which may presage sterility. Woman may experience a corresponding infection of the ovaries.
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Combination Products
If two or more vaccines are free of interference w/ each other they can be administered as a mixture for convenience.
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Chickenpox Vaccine
Cause by Varicella zoster virus and cause a generalized rash, with 300-500 blister like lesions occurring on the scalp face and trunk.
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Hepatitis Vaccine
A complex disease that causes
1. Jaundice 2. Fever 3. Nausea 4. Abdominal pain

5. Liver failure
6. Death

Hepatitis A Vaccine
Causes an acute disease w/ an abrupt onset. About 1550 days of incubation are required before the disease becomes clinically noticeable. The primary sign is Jaundice.
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Hepatitis B
Causes of serum hepatitis is much more insidious chronic disease.
Transmitted by:

Hepatitis C Virus
Infection is spread primarily by the parenteral route and unlike HBV maternal fetal and STD is uncommon.
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Hepatitis E
Cause disease clinically indistinguishable from Hep. A Distinguishing HEV from HAV must be clone genetically.
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Human Papilloma Virus

Sexually transmitted Virus. The virus is also able to be transmitted by skin to skin contact.
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Bacterial Vaccines
Pertussis Vaccine
Haemophilus Influenza Type B Conjugate Vaccine Tuberculosis Vaccine Cholera Vaccine Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Pneumococcal Vaccine

Pertussis Vaccine
A highly communicable infection caused by Bordetella pertussis produces an endotoxin that causes a spectrum of symptoms in a Host. Pertussis occurs mainly in children and there is no effective treatment once the disease becomes manifest.
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Haemophilus Influenza Type B Conjugate Vaccine

Causes the most common type of bacterial meningitis and is a major cause of systemic disease in children younger than 6 y/o.
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Tuberculosis Vaccine
Serious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The organism becomes established in the lungs and forms walled- off abscesses that shield the bacterium from the immune system. .
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Cholera Vaccine
Caused by Vibrio cholera that presents a severe watery diarrhea caused by an enterotoxin secreted by the 01serotype of V.cholera.
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Meningococcal Polysaccharide
Inactivated vaccine composed of capsular polysaccharide fragments of N.meningitis. The antigens are conjugated to diphtheria toxoid carrier.
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Pneumococcal Vaccine
Also known as Streptococcus neumonae or diplococcus. The organism protects itself from the immune system by producing a capsular polysaccharide that is highly antigenic.
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