Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
University of Plymouth
University of Warwick, 20 A ril 200!
Determining Vf is problematic
" fi#res /float0 in water " fi#res are hy&rosco ic
1 wei&ht is function of moisture content 1 !234 loss in 5ute yarn dried 306C for 70 min
Determination of Vf
" " " " " " " " tow countin&8areal wei&ht direct wei&hin& density &radient Archimedes rinci le resin #urn$off thermo$&ravimetric analysis chemical di&estion microsco y
" -f ( 5 A. 8 f t
15 1 A. f 1t num#er of layers of fa#ric areal wei&ht of fa#ric >k&8m2? density of fibre !"g m#$ thickness of laminate >m?
Vf by direct weighing
a closed mould is used no fi#re is lost in the mouldin& flash mass fraction after fa#rication ( mass of fi#re8mass of the com osite2 accurate densities needed to convert the mass fraction to a fi#re volume fraction2
:rafil ;est <ethod 7022=7
Vf by density gradient
o#serve the level to which the test s ecimen sinks in a column of li@uid when the density of li@uid chan&es uniformly with hei&ht2 a#sor tion of li@uid may com licate the analysis when natural fi#res are under test
:rafil ;est <ethod 70=2=2
Vf by Archimedes principle
wei&ht measurements
in air and in water a#sor tion of li@uid may com licate the analysis when natural fi#res are under test2
:rafil ;est <ethod 70=22= CRA: methods A008=000$=
Density
" density of resin ty ically ==00 k&8m 7 " density of fi#re ty ically =300 k&8m 7 resolution of B m&8cm7 for =4-f CRA: method A00 for density of .RP
1 =& or more wei&hed in air and in fluid 1 accuracy C0224 desira#le for -f and -v 1 immersion fluid at 27 C 26C
Density of %ute
" dried 306C for 70 min " wei&hed in air immediately " immersed and de&assed in fluid
$DD0 m#ar water E $B00 m#ar acetone
Vf by resin burn&off
ina ro riate for natural fi#re com osites
oven at BA0$3006C until constant wei&ht #oth com onents of the com osite will #urn CRA: method =000$7c
" al ha$cellulose
1 decom osition eak at 7306C
" li&nin
1 decom osition #etween 200$B006C 1 ma%imum at 7B06C
-A AlvareO and A -PO@ueO , 200!
Polymer 9e&radation and Sta#ility, A!>=?, =7$2=
Vf by chemical digestion
" sul huric acid and hydro&en ero%ide
:rafil ;est <ethod 7022B3 CRA: method =0007a
" different chemicals for natural fi#res Q " microwave acid di&estion #om#
Q Journal of <aterials Science +etters Q
Vf by microscopy
" o tical or electron microsco y with com uter ima&e analysis
1 for natural fi#res enhance the contrast
" olarisin& filters or stainin& techni@ues
Vf by optical microscopy
" coarse olish >recommended?
" &ives #etter contrast #ut manual intervention to eliminate scratches
ori&inal o tical microsco y ima&e o timise contrast in Photosho define #oundaries convert to #inary data
Vf by optical microscopy
" S'< ima&es have low contrast
1 similar chemistry of fi#re and matri%
'eneral references
Grafil Test Methods >reference 00020B?, Courtaulds +imited, Coventry, <arch =DA02 P; Curtis, CRAG Test Methods for the Measurement of the Engineering Properties of Fibre Reinforced Plastics, Royal Aircraft 'sta#lishment ;echnical Re ort RA'$;R$AA$0=2, .e#ruary =DAA2 .J :uild and J Summerscales, <icrostructural ima&e analysis a lied to fi#re com osite materialsE a review, Com osites, =DD7, 2!>B?, 7A7$7D!2 J Summerscales >editor?, Microstructural Characterisation of FibreReinforced Composites, Woodhead Pu#lishin&, Cam#rid&e, July =DDA2 HSMI =$ABBG7$2!0$A2 CRC Press ++C, Moca Raton $ .lorida, July =DDA2 HSMI 0$A!D7$7AA2$!2 AR Clarke and CI '#erhardt, Microscop Techni!ues for Materials "cience, Woodhead Pu#lishin&, Cam#rid&e, July =DDA2 HSMI =$ABBG7$BAG$ 72 CRC Press ++C, Moca Raton $ .lorida, July =DDA2 HSMI 0$A!D7$=BB2$22
To contact me
9r John Summerscales
School of 'n&ineerin&E RRM 00A University of Plymouth 9evon P+! AAA