Chapter 18

The Triumph of the Bourgeoisie 1830-1871

The Working Class

New class left behind by industrialization Also known as proletariat Expressed their frustrations through political uprisings and social movements

Realism

New cultural style that reflected changing political and social conditions Realism focused on ordinary people and attempted to depict the heroism of everyday life.

The Revolutions of 1830 and 1848

The rebellions were propelled by liberal ideas and nationalistic goals Causes of revolutions

Declining production Rising unemployment Falling agricultural prices The revolutions took place in Paris, Berlin, and Vienna as the middle class and working class toppled kings and ministers.

Realpolitik

Realpolitik or power politics governed most European states from 1850-1871. Bismarck, the prime minister of Prussia, was a major force in Realpolitik..

Great Britain

Reform Bill of 1832 extended voting rights to middle class male workers Reform Bill of 1867 extended right to vote to working class During the reign of Queen Victoria (18371901), Great Britain at peak of economic power.

Civil War in the U.S.

Economic issues divided the northern and southern states The question of slavery. In 1861 the southern states seceded from the union, provoking a civil war The Civil War lasted four years and resulted in huge losses Northern victory in 1865 under President Lincoln Relations between north and south continued to be strained in period of Reconstruction (1865-1876)

Industrialism

After its beginnings in England, industrialism took place in France and Belgium. Great Britain passed into the second phase of the Industrial Revolution By 1850, all the major cities in Great Britain were linked by rail.

The Crystal Palace

The Crystal Palace housed the Great Exhibition of 1851 in London. In a structure that used advanced methods and building materials, the newest inventions and machine-made goods were displayed for the public.

The Suez Canal

Opened in 1869 Linked the Gulf of Suez and the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea. Shortened the distance between Europe and India, thus enabling steamships to ferry goods and passengers around the world more quickly

Utilitarianism

Major philosophical view of the century Started by Jeremy Bentham Utility for society was always identified with the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Reinterpreted by John Stuart Mill, who started out as a follower of Utilitarianism, but later changed his views.

Socialism

Two groups spoke for socialism: the utopian socialists and the Marxists. Utopians believed that the ills of industrial society could be overcome through cooperation between workers and capitalists. Marxists called for revolution, violence and triumph of socialism. Marx and Engels wrote the Communist Manifesto, the bible of socialism. Forecast a classless society and a workers revolution.

Religion and Science

Major conflict of the century Higher criticism

movement began in Germany Scholars began to try to locate sources of each book of the Bible. The Bible no longer looked at as divine revelation.

Geology

Geologists discredited the biblical story of creation Biologists questioned divine origin of human beings Charles Lyells fossil research showed that the earth was much older than Christians claimed.

Evolution

Darwins Origin of Species published in 1859. Showed that over the course of time, modern plants and animals had evolved from simpler forms through a process of natural selection Darwins A Descent of Man published in 1871. Applied his findings to human beings, portraying them as the outcome of millions of years of evolution.

Other Scientific Advances

Louis Pasteur proved the germ theory of disease John Dalton invented atomic theory Mendeleev worked out table of elements In the 1840s, chemists introduced nitrous oxide and chloroform.

Realism in Literature

Focused on everyday lives of middle and lower class people Realists sought to convey what they saw around them in a serious accurate and unsentimental way. French Realism

English Realism

Balzac began realist movement in literature Gustav Flaubert leading French Realist. Madame Bovary Charles Dickens Elizabeth Gaskell George Eliot Russian Realism Tolstoy Dostoevsky African American Writers slave narratives Frederick Douglas Sojourner Truth

Realism in Art

Courbet-his provocative canvases outraged audiences and made him the guiding spirit of Realism.

Courbet

Courbet

Daumier

Chronicled the life of Paris with a dispassionate eye

Daumier

Daumier

Daumier

Millet

Painted the countryside near Barbizon, a village south of Paris

Millet

Millet

Millet

Manet

Leader in a new style of painting Dispassionate art in which the subject and artist have no necessary connection Art for arts sake.

Manet

Manet

Manet

Manet

Music 1830-1871

Post-romantic Composers

Wagner Verdi Rachmaninoff Wagner Mahler Strauss Verdi Dvorak Smetana Grief Sibelius