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National President, IAP(2005) President, Pediatric Association of SAARC Ankur Institute of Child Health B/h. City Gold Cinema, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 9
Antibiotic Prescription
Antibiotic prescription should ideally comprise of the following phases:
Perception of need - is an antibiotic necessary? Choice of antibiotic which is the most appropriate antibiotic? Choice of regimen : What dose, route, frequency and duration are needed? Monitoring efficacy : is the antibiotic effective?
Otitis media,
Diarrhea Fever without focus
Why do we err?
Erroneous trust in our ability to treat all infections (equated fever) with antibiotic prescription
Many fevers are not due to infections Majority of infections seen in general practice are of viral origin
Antibiotics often prescribed in the belief that this will prevent secondary bacterial infections
Errors galore
Using the best cover with the latest, potent, broad spectrum higher generation antibiotic
But it may not be the best and also not the safest too
Injectables are used often than needed The duration of use is often not regulated Often upgrade or change the antibiotics for a patient who continues to have fever despite antibiotic use
Causes are many like incorrect diagnosis, incorrect dose and/or route of administration or incorrect choice of drug, phlebitis, antibiotic itself and not always due to antibiotic resistance
Bacterial Resistance
Drug Resistance is a result of
exposure to drug
Does it matter?
http://www.sciam.com/1998/0398issue/0398levybox2.html
http://www.sciam.com/1998/0398issue/0398levybox3.html
ANTIBIOTIC PARADIGM
Excessive / inappropriate antibiotic use
Antibiotic resistance
Choice of Antibiotics
The choice of antibiotics should largely be determined by:
source or focus of infection patient's age and immunologic status whether the infection is viral or bacterial
Case 1: Apurva
Apurva, 1 yr 6 months old male,
Brought with history of fever and cough with rhinorrhoea of two days red eyes, diarrhea, No exanthema, cough ++ H/o Similar case in family O/E Throat congested
Management:
From history and examination: Has no red eyes or rhinorrhea No exanthema Difficulty in swallowing, No history of similar case in the family He looks sick even when afebrile
Mehul on examination
RR 28, HR 110 perfusion and B.P normal Rt tonsil showed a purulent discharge with inflammation of both tonsils Bilateral tender cervical LN++ Ear and Nose Normal Other system examination normal
Viral vs Bacterial
Signs with good predictive values
Presence of watery nasal discharge Absence of pharyngeal erythema Absence of tonsillar exudate or follicles Absence of tender lymphadenopathy Involvement of multiple systems Generalized maculopapular rashes H/o similar illness in family or community More of these, better the predictability No single sign is definitive Age less than 3 years more chance of viral
Etiology
Viral cause :
Bacterial cause :
Common - Group A -hemolytic streptococci (15-30% of age >3 years, <5% in age <3 yrs ) Rare - C. diptheriae, Hemophilus influenzae, N. meningitides Special : Gonococcus,, Mycoplasma pneumoniae
In children with no Penicillin allergy Antibiotic (route) (days) Penicillin V (Oral) (10d) Amoxycillin (Oral) (10d) Children (< 30kg) 250 mg BID 40mg/kg/day (Max 250 mg tid) Children ( > 30kg) 500 mg BID 250 mg TID 1.2 Million Units.
In children with Penicillin allergy (Non type 1) Antibiotic ( route ) ( days) Erythromycin ethylsuccinate (oral) (10ds) Azithromycin (oral ) ( 5days) Children ( < 27 kg) 40-50 mg/kg/day TID 12 mg/kg OD
HERPANGINA
months later, Mehul is back with fever, cough and coryza. See his throat Treating pediatrician considers him to have viral pharyngitis
Pharyngeal Erythema but not bacterial
DO YOU AGREE?
Case 3: Azhar
Azhar, a 15 month otherwise healthy boy had rhinorrhea, cough and fever of 1020F for two days On day 3, he became fussy and woke up crying multiple times at night
Analgesia
Decongestants no role
Case 4: Jignesh
10 month old jignesh, brought on 2nd December, 2006 Illness 2 days Started with vomiting 6-7/day Fever Frequency of stool 12-15/day, watery, large quantity On BF + Weaning diet
Jignesh....
Ill look Depressed AF Dry skin and mucous membrane Sunken eyeballs Rapid, low volume pulse
Jignesh...
Winter season Infant Started with vomiting, mild fever and then watery stool Think of Viral (Rota Virus) diarrhea Ask, Is he bottle fed?
What next?
Hosptalise
Assess dehydration
Severe dehydration
No antibiotics
Dysentery
Only when frequency of stool with macroscopic blood and pus Common pathogens are shigella, enteroinvasive E.coli, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni, yersenia enterocolitis etc Shigella is the most common in age < 5 years Never a mixed etiology (amoebiasis) Peak in summer More severe in malnourished and non breast fed infants
Hospitalise
Diarrhea with macroscopic blood in stool in stool Rule out risk factors & noninfectious conditions
Treat with 3 Gen Oral Cephalosporins ORS to treat & prevent dehydration Zinc continued frequent feeding including BF
rd
Better in 2 days?*
Yes
Response in 2 days ? **
No
Yes
Absent
Present
Treat with Metronidazole
** Disappearance of fever, less blood in stools - fewer in no, improved appetite, decreased abdominal pain, return to normal activity indicate good response.
Salmonella Typhi:
Suspect only when fever of more than 4 days, without focus and primary reports suggestive
MDR Strains still rampant Sensitivity to - 3rd gen cephalosporin 98% - Quinolones* 90-95%
Always send Blood culture before starting antibiotics
Golden rule 2
Infection is the most common cause of fever in office practice, though not always bacterial infection - Viral infection in majority RTI - Viral infection should not be treated with antibiotic
Golden rule 3
Clinical differentiation is possible between bacterial and viral infection most of the times
Viral infection is disseminated throughout the system (URTI / LRTI) - May affect multiple systems - Fever is usually high at onset, settles by D3-4 - Child is comfortable and not sick during inter febrile state Bacterial infection is localized to one part of the system (acute tonsillitis does not present with running nose or chest signs) - Fever is generally moderate at the onset and peaks by D3-4 CBC does not differentiate between acute bacterial and viral infection
Golden rule 4
Chronic infection may not be associated with fever and diagnosis can be difficult - Relevant laboratory tests are necessary - Antibiotic is considered only after observing progress - There is no need to hurry through antibiotic prescription
Golden rule 5
Choose single oral antibiotic, either covering suspected gram positive or negative organism, as per site of infection and age of patient Combination of two antibiotics is justified
only in serious bacterial infection without proof of specific organism and can be administered intravenously
Golden rule 6
At first visit (within 48 hrs of fever) antibiotic is justified only if bacterial infection is clinically certain and that does not call for any tests prior to starting the drug (Acute tonsillitis / acute otitis media / bacillary dysentery / acute suppurative lymphadenitis) If bacterial infection is clinically strongly suspected but
should have confirmative tests prior to starting drug, then order relevant tests and start appropriate antibiotic (Acute UTI) In absence of clinical clue but not suspected to be serious disease, observe without antibiotic and follow the progress
Key Messages:
Resistance in community acquired infections very low - more perceived than real Irrational & Overuse of antibiotics great concern Start antibiotic only if indicated Always use first line drugs Use Microbiology Lab more often Develop culture of culture Spend more time with parents Select proper empirical antibiotics Do not use antibiotics in nonbacterial conditions
Thank You