Protection Application Handbook

Sub-divided Systems

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Fault clearance system
Fault Clearance System Protection System CT VT TE Protection Equipment Circuit Breaker Circuit Breaker Mechanism

Trip Coil

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DC-System

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How to enhance dependability of fault clearance system

The addition of a second main protection increases the availability and dependability of fault clearance system In addition the provision of back-up protection that operates independently of specified devices in the main protection system enhances this further.

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Subdivided Protection Systems Why

Single failure criteria

Remote back up Local back-up

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Different parts of fault clearance system

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Subdivided Protection Systems - How

Different cores of Instrument transformers Duplication of trip coils of CB

Redundant batteries
Physical separation as far as possible Cables laid in different cable ducts

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Redundant protection systems

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Group A and B on different panel Group A and B on same panel

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Interface relays between GrA and GrB

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Exchange of information between the two subsystems

Start and block of autoreclose Start of breaker failure protection

Autoreclosure is normally not duplicated. Similarly BFR is also normally not duplicated

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Cabling

Different cable ladders in the same cable duct

Group A and Group B signals in different cables

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Alarming and Testing

Correctly designed alarming and regular testing of protection system will ensure proper protection system

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General aspects on security and dependability

Keep the circuits simple

Avoid extra equipment Design shall be such that human mistakes are avoided

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Redundant battery system

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Conclusions

Limit mixing of equipment from different groups on the same panel Standardise terminal numbering system Avoid exchange of information between subsystem Keep design as simple as possible

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Cost of disturbance

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Costs associated with the risk of injury to people and damage to third party property Costs associated with the risk of damage to power lines and other power apparatus Costs associated with the customer outages Costs associated with the voltage disturbances Costs associated with the customers complaints and ill will

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Cost of disturbance

The utilities should base the decisions for provision of additional protection and back-up protection considering the costs involved in terms of disturbances leading towards uncleared faults.

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CBIP manual on Protection of Generators, generator transformers and 220kV and 400 kV networks

Guide lines for Protection System engineering

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1.0 GENERAL
Some broad guidelines for Engineering of Protection System are given below and could be refined if felt necessary by the Utility according to its specific needs and practices

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2.1 Gr.A and Gr. B Protection Wherever two sets of DC sources are available, to obtain redundancy and to be able to take protection out for maintenance, while equipment in service, the relays are electrically and physically segregated into two groups. Interconnection between these two groups shall not be generally attempted Segregation of protections and trip circuits in two groups may be considered by giving DC supplies through separate fuses

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2.2 DC Distribution Since the availability of even the best engineered protection depends upon the integrity of the DC auxiliary supply, considerable care has to be given to the design of a system which will retain the reliability of the protection system as a whole, under all conditions Secondly from an operational point of view, it is essential that it is possible to work on any part of the protection system with full security, while not disturbing the rest of the protective system

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2.2.1 For 400kV stations there shall be two separate battery systems available for protection, control and tripping / closing operations For 220kV stations where only one set of battery source is available segregation of protection and trip circuits in two groups may be considered by giving DC supplies through separate fuses.

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2.2.2 Distribution of DC supply shall be done bay wise to feed the following

(a) Protection
(b) CB functions (c) Isolator / earth switch functions (d) Annunciation / Indications (e) Monitoring functions

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2.2.3
(a) Protection Function: For each group of protection, separate DC sources are recommended (b) CB Functions Trip coil 1 & 2 shall be fed from separate sources. Closing coil can be from either of these two sources (c) Isolator / Earth switch These associated with any one circuit shall be fed from one of the two DC sources In the case of 1 & 1/2 CB arrangement, the Isolator/Earth switch associated with the tie CB can be fed from either source 1 or 2

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(d) Annunciation & Indication For each bay, these functions can be fed from either one of the two sources. Each function shall be fed however through separate feeds. (e) Monitoring Functions These shall be grouped in 3 groups

(i) Disturbance Recorders

(ii) Fault Locators (iii) Event Loggers All the three groups shall be fed through separate feeds from either of the two sources

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2.3 Cabling It is recommended that:

(i) Separate cables are used for AC & DC circuit

(ii) Separate cables are used for DC 1 & DC 2 circuits (iii) For different cores of CT & CVT separate cables shall be used

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CBIP manual on Reliable fault Clearance and BackUP Protection for EHV and UHV Transmission Network

DC supply systems

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DC supply system

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Generally the use of redundant protection system is done on high voltage substations of 220kV and above. In substations where redundant protection schemes, each powered by independent auxiliary power supply are to be provided, duplication of DC supply system is recommended. Therefore it is recommended to provide duplicate DC supply system including battery, battery charger and DC infeeds and duplicated AC supply to chargers at all 765kV, 400kV and 220kV substations. This arrangement rules out common mode failures.

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DC supply system

At 132 kV sub-stations including the ones in a power plant duplication of DC supply system should be done for stations where redundant protection schemes each powered by separate independent auxiliary power supply is planned. Otherwise single DC supply system with redundant chargers shall be provided.

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DC supply system

DC distribution shall be done by providing DC feeders that are protected by fuses or MCBs. Reference may be made to CBIP Manual No 274 Protection of Generators, Transformers and 220kV and 400kV Networks which gives details of current practices followed for DC distribution arrangements with two battery system. DC distribution arrangement in case of single battery system can also be on similar lines

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DC supply system

Even though reliability of fuses is high, availability of the right fuse element when replacement is required could be a problem and for this reason use of miniature circuit breakers of adequate breaking capacity instead of fuses is recommended.

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Sub-divided Systems