Contents

Formulae in other document but otherwise should be all covered...

From additional mathematics for OCR book

Contents

Algebra 1
Linear expressions Quadratic

Algebra 4
Binomial expansion Binomial distribution

Calculus 1

calculating distances Equation of a straight Algebra 2 Calculus 2 line Linear inequalities Circle Integration Quadratic Definite integrals Geometry 2 inequalities Area between curves Inequalities Algebraic fractions Linear programming Calculus 3 Expressions Motion in a straight containing a square Trigonometry 1 line root The Basics Constant Sine rule Algebra 3 acceleration Cosine rule Polynomials Velocity Trigonometry 2 Factor theorem Formulae (other Remainder theorem 3d work document)

expressions Completing the square Simultaneous equations

Geometry 1
Gradient of a line Different lines and

Introduction Gradient of a curve Differentiation Tangents and normals Stationary points and Higher Derivatives

Linear expressions Quadratic expressions Completing the square Simultaneous equations

Ex 1A, B & C

Contents

This is basically GCSE if not SAT revision When simplifying remember to:
Collect like terms
Remove brackets Factorise Find a common

When solving an equation remember to:

Simplify Do the same on both

sides so that it remains the same equation

denominator when involving fractions

They sometimes ask to rearrange an expression in which case be careful to do so correctly

Ex 1D

Contents

This is when the highest power is 2 It often involves expanding and factorising Before starting to solve a quadratic equation, make sure that all terms of the quadratic are on the left hand side of the equation

There are 3 ways to solve a quadratic equation:

Factorise 2. Completing the square 3. Using the Quadratic Formula
1.

Remember that the formula is:

You use this when you are in a calculator test and cannot factorise

Ex 1E

Contents

Method: It is used Method: when you X-8x=-3* Y = x-8x +3* Take the coefficient cannot This can be of x-8 written as y=(xfactorise a Half it 4)-13 quadratic -4 See Square the answer It is also previous +16 useful when example Add this to both sides and its sketching a Factorise where answer graph as it possible Therefore the Take the square root identifies the line of symmetry of both sides line of is x=4 and the Add the constant to symmetry and vertex is (4,-13) both sides the vertex Find the answer

Ex 1F

Contents

This is when there is more than one variable ...by substitution

Suitable for when y is

...by elimination
Suitable for when y is

the subject Take the expression for y from the equation and substitute it in the other equation then solve as before

not the subject or either equation Multiply the equations as so that when they are subtracted/added from the other they eliminate variables Substitute this into the first equation and thus solve

Linear inequalities Quadratic in equalities Algebraic fractions Expressions containing a square root

Ex 2A

Contents

Like simplifying linear expressions, you do the same to both sides However, remember to have the inequality sign the right way and whether it is equal to or not You may also be asked to show the answer on a number line

In this case, remember that open circles at the end of the line show that the number is not included Closed circles mean the figure is included in your answer Both can be used in a single answer

Ex 2B

Contents

There are two methods:

Sketching a graph to

show the answer Or drawing up a table showing the values of x

But remember that if it has terms on both sides these must be collected to one side

These quadratic inequalities will be able to be factorised Remember to be careful in reading and working the question especially when using a graph

Ex 2C & D

Contents

Algebraic fractions follow the same rules as the fractions in arithmetic The common denominator should be the lowest common multiple of the original denominators

Other than being asked to simplify an algebraic fraction you may be asked to solve an equation involving fractions This is done in the same way as before but also having to simplify fractions Remember that when you multiply a fraction you only multiply its numerator

Ex 2E

Contents

It is often easier to use surds when working with square roots to get a more accurate answer than just working out the numerical value You should try to make the number that is under the square root sign as small as possible or as easy to work with as possible Rationalising the denominator is an important technique to be aware of

Triangles Sine rule Cosine rule

Contents

Just remember the hyp, app and adj. And that is used for the angle The Trigonometric ratios are:

Remember:
sin (etc.) will give you the ratio

sin known side (etc.)will give you the angle

side known X sin (etc.) will give you the sides length

-1

Contents

Sin is Opposite divided by Hypotenuse. Opposite is a helpful way of remembering it.

S skiving off

H homework

Contents

Tan is Opposite divided by Adjacent An easy way to remember is it doesnt have the hyp and opp is always on top Opposite is a helpful way of remembering it.

Contents

Cos is Adjacent divided by Hypotenuse Opposite is a helpful way of remembering it.

Contents

It is an extension of Pythagoras theorem which allows it to be applied to any triangle

AB = AC + BC - 2(AC)(BC) cos C c = b + a - 2ab cos c a = b + c - 2bc cos a b = a + c 2ac cos b OR cos A = b + c - a / 2bc

Contents

It is based on that fact that in any triangle the length of any edge is proportional to the sine of the angle opposite to that edge

a / sin A
=

b / sin B

c / sin C

Contents

This formula (which is cyclic) is for finding the area of a triangle when the lengths of 2 edges are known and also the size of the angle between them

Area

ab sin C

bc sin A

ca sin B

3d work

Contents

Anti-clockwise is always positive Clockwise is negative Always go from the x axis Cosine and Sine are between -1 and 1 whereas Tangent is over 1
Silver Sin Cos Tan Sin Cos Tan + + Tea Sin Cos Tan All + + +

Sin Cos + Tan Cups

All Silver Tea Cups

It is like have a circle of one unit

1 -1

-1

Contents

It is really important to draw good diagrams There are two types:

Representations of 3D

objects True shape diagrams of 2D sections in a 3D object

Contents

The two main identities that need to be learnt:

Introduction Curves, Tangents, and Normals Gradient of a curve Differentiation Tangents and normals Stationary points and Higher Derivatives

Contents

Cord: joins two points on the curve Tangent: touches the curve at a point of contact Normal: perpendicular to the tangent at the point of contact The tangent to a curve can be considered as the limit position of a chord

Curved line

Contents

As B gets closer to A we can say that B tends to A (written as BA) The gradient of the cord AB the gradient of the tangent at A E.g. y = x
A = (xA ,yA)
Xa 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Ya = (Xa) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Xb 3.5 3 2.5 2.25 2.1 2.05 2.001

B = (xB, yB)
Yb = (Xb) 12.25 9 6.25 5.0625 4.41 4.2025 4.004001 Mab = 5.5 5 4.5 4.25 4.1 4.05 4.001
Yb - Ya Xb - Xa

From the table, we can assume that the gradient of the tangent to the graph y = x at A(2,4) is 4

Contents y = x X 1 2 3 4 Gradient 2 4 6 8 X 1 y = x Gradient 3

2
3 4 5

12
27 48 75

5
x

10
2x y = x X 1 2 3 4

x
Gradient 4 32 108 256

3x

5
x

500
4x

Contents

The value of the gradient of the chord AB as B tends Note that d has no independent meaning to A is called the and must never be differential coefficient of regarded as a factor. The y with respect to x or the d complete symbol dx derivative of y with means the derivative respect to x. The limit is dy with respect to x of denoted by the symbol dx *previous expression+ (read as dy by dx) dy We may also write The process of obtaining dx when y is a function of x the differential coefficient as f(x) or y or derivative of a function is called differentiation.

Contents

Contents

d e.g. dx

d dx

(x) = 7x
d dx

(x) = nx

e.g. x= (x^) = x^- 1 = 2 x

d dx

Contents

y y=c

Let y=c Graphically this is a horizontal straight line and its gradient is zero Therefore differentiating a constant will give you zero
i.e.
d dx

(c) = 0

Contents

d dx

(ax) = a
d i.e. dx

d dx

(x) = anx

Where a is a constant

(ax) = anx

For example:

d dx

(3x) = 18x

Contents

We differentiate each term and then add or/and subtract the terms as necessary For example:

d dx

(x + 5x - 3x + 4)
7x + 10x - 3

Contents

The gradient of the chord AB as it tends to the point A, is the value of the derivative at that point A. We can use this to find the equation of the tangent and/or of the normal to a curve at a given point

Contents

Q. Find the equation of the tangent and of the normal to the curve: y = x + 3x 10 at the point (1, -6)

First differentiate the equation to give:

Thus:

d = 2x + 3 dx

at x = 1

m=2X1+3=5

Using: y y = m(x x)
y + 6 = 5(x 1) y = 5x 5 6 y = 5x 11 m = 5 so m = - y + 6 = - (x-1) 5y + 30 = -x + 1 x + 5y + 29 = 0

substitute the known values

equation of tangent

Then to find the equation of the normal:

use previous method but using - instead of 5 equation of the normal

Contents

This is basically doing the second derivative This is just differentiating what you already have differentiated It can be used to find stationary points in increasing and decreasing functions

Contents

y + + + + A 0 B + 0 0 + + C + + x

Increasing is from A to B and from C represented with the + d

This means that dx is
+

positive

Decreasing is from B to C represented with the This means that d is

negative

dx

Stationary point are A, B and C represented by the zero

This means that dx = 0
d

Contents

This I where the gradient is zero

They can be maximum points, minimum points, or

points of inflection

To find stationary points:

Differentiate and find the value(s) of when this = 0 Substitute these values into the original equation to

find y To find the nature of the stationary points work out the second derivative and then substitute the value(s) of x found before to decide if they are a min/max points or points of inflection

Contents

At point P
dy dx
dy dx dy dx dy dx dy dx Maximum point <0 Minimum point

=0

=0

>0
Point of inflection

=0

dy dy = 0 and 0 dx dx (doesnt change sign on either said of P)

Remember to physically do and say each step in a question including saying if a certain point is a max., min. or point of inflection.