PILL CAMERA

- Ch. Shanthi

A PILL WITH A VIEW

CONTENTS
Introduction Existing System Proposed System Working External Control Unit Types of Pill Camera Advantages & Disadvantages Future Enhancements Conclusion References & Bibliography

Introduction
The technology used to achieve manufacturing at molecular level is NANOTECHNOLOGY. Imagine a vitamin pillsized camera that could travel through your body taking pictures, helping diagnose a problem which doctor previously would have found only through surgery.

Existing System
Endoscopic Examination is the conventional method. Unable to reach through all of the 20foot long small intestine, and thus provide only a partial view of that part of the bowel.

Proposed System
OPTICAL DOME
ANTENNA

LENS HOLDER

ASIC TRANSMITTER

LENS ILLUMINATING LEDS CMOS IMAGE SENSOR BATTERY

1. Optical Dome: This shape results in easy orientation of the capsule axis along the central axis of small intestine and so helps propel the capsule forward easily. The Optical Dome contains the Light Receiving Window. 2. Lens Holder: The Lens Holder is that part of the capsule which accommodates the lens. The lens is tightly fixed to the holder so that it doesnt get dislocated anytime. 3. Lens: The Lens is an integral component of the capsule. It is arranged behind the Light Receiving Window.

4. Illuminating LEDs: Around the Lens & CMOS Image Sensor, four LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) are present. These plural lighting devices are arranged in donut shape. 5. CMOS Image Sensor: CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Image Sensor is the most important part of the capsule. It is highly sensitive and produces very high quality images. It has140 field of view and can detect objects as small as possible.

6. Battery: Batteries used in the capsule is button shaped and are two in number as shown. The batteries are arranged together just behind the CMOS Image Sensor. Silver Oxide primary batteries are used (Zinc/Alkaline Electrolyte/Silver Oxide). Such a battery has a even discharge voltage, disposable and doesnt cause harm to the body. 7. ASIC Transmitter: The ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) Transmitter is arranged behind the Batteries as shown. Two Transmitting Electrodes are connected to the outlines of the ASIC Transmitter. These electrodes are electrically isolated from each other.

8. Antennae: As shown, the Antennae are arranged at the end of the capsule. It is enclosed in a dome shaped chamber. After a patient swallows the capsule, it takes pictures of the inside of the gastrointestinal tract. This type of examination is often done to find sources of bleeding or abdominal pain.

Working The patient gulps down the capsule, and the digestive process begins. Over the next eight hours, the pill travels passively down the esophagus and through roughly 20 to 25 feet of intestines, where it will capture up to 8,70,000 images. The patient feels nothing.

Movement of Capsule through Digestive System

DATA RECORDER

COMPUTER

Data Acquisition & Storage Of Data On Computer

External Control Unit

CH1 for controlling ON/OFF of CMOS image sensor. CH2 CH4 for controlling LED lighting.

Types of Pill Camera

1.PillcamSB:
Approved by FDA in 2001. Size is 11mm x 26mm and weight is 3.7grams. One-sided imaging feature. Can capture two pictures per second that is over 50,000 images in 8hours. 140 degree field of view. PillcamSB 2 has been cleared by FDA in May 2007. It offers wider field of view and improved optics.

2. PillcamESO: Approved by the FDA in 2004. Size is 11mm x 26mm and weight is 3.7grams. Two sided photography feature. Captures 14 images per second i.e., 2,600 pictures in 20minutes. PillcamESO 2 has been cleared by FDA in May 2007. It offers wider field of view and can capture 18 images per second.

3. Agile Patency Capsule: Same size as actual video capsule Composed of lactose. Contains a timer, radio frequency identification tag and radioopaque material. Can be seen by plain abdominal film or by special handheld radio frequency detector. Designed to dissolve progressively after 40hours by the contact with digestive secretions. Disintegrates completely between 80 and 100hours.

4. Pillcam Colon:
A new revolution in Pill Cameras. Consists of 2sided video cameras which can capture 4 frames per second. It has a life time of 10hours.

Advantages & Disadvantages

Advantages: Painless, no side effects or complications. Miniature size so it can move easily through the digestive system. Accurate, precise & low power consumption. It is made of bio compatible material so it doesnt cause any harm to the body. The procedure is simple. High sensitivity and specificity for detecting lesions. It is noninvasive and may not require the patient to miss work. Reducing physician reading times and improving costeffectiveness. More efficient than normal endoscopy, the X-ray or the CT scan.

Disadvantages: Gastrointestinal obstructions and swallowing disorders prevent free flow of capsule through the digestive system. Patients with pacemakers, pregnant women and all pediatrics have to be monitored continuously while taking the capsule. It is not reusable. More expensive than the other procedures. Batteries may not last long. Presence of cardiac pacemakers could lead to corruption and loss of the transmitted data. MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is not possible while the capsule inside the patient's body.

Future Enhancements
Equipping the capsule with a LASER. Adding additional features like Zooming & Auto-Focus. Can be used in Restorative Surgery & Pharmacological Intervention. Further reduction in size using Nanotechnology. Making it cost effective

Conclusion
The Endoscopy capsule is a pioneering concept for Medical Technology of the 21st century. The endoscopy system is the first of its kind to be able to provide non-invasive imaging of the entire small intestine. It has revolutionized the field of diagnostic imaging to a great extent and has proved to be of great help to physicians all over the world.

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