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Definitions
Migration is
A process of moving, either across an international border or within a state, whatever its length, composition and causes It includes migration of refugees, displaced persons, uprooted people and economic migrants
A Migrant is
At the international level, no universally accepted definition exists The term is usually understood to cover all cases where the decision to migrate is taken freely by the individual concerned for reasons of personal convenience and without intervention of an external compelling factor
It applies to persons, and family members, moving to another country or region to better their material or social conditions and improve the prospect for themselves or their family
Source: Glossary on Migration, IOM 2004
Definitions
A diaspora is
Refugees are
Any people or ethnic population that leave their traditional ethnic homelands, being dispersed throughout other parts of the world A person, who owing to well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country
Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes In particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border
Source: Glossary on Migration, IOM 2004
Migration At a Glance
Migration is
A phenomenon affecting all countries either as countries of origin, transit, destination or, increasingly, a combination of these Considerable potential for development and progress: remittances, transfer of know-how, multi-culturalism, contribution to economies of host countries Negative phenomena, too: brain drain, irregular migration in particular trafficking and smuggling, social tensions, impact on labour markets
The Causes
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Increase of world population: expected to continue until 2050: 9.2 billion people Ageing of developed worlds population Population 15-25
Population +60 Other age groups
Income disparities
Low-income
Medium income High income
Support Networks
Trans-national communities: considerable growth Will act as support structure and basis for further migration (family reunification)
2001
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1. Demographics and labor market needs 2. Wage differentials and crisis pressures 3. Support networks 4. Other facilitating factors
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Migration not just South-North (from a developing to a developed country) movement 61 million moved from one developing country to another (SouthSouth)
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Source: Population Reference Bureau; Ratha and Shaw, South-South Migration and Remittances (Development Prospects Group) World Bank
Breakdown by continent/region
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75% of all international migrants live in 28 countries 1 in every 3 migrants lives in Europe and about 1 in every 4 lives in Northern America
1. United States of America 2. Russian Federation 3. Germany 4. Ukraine 5. France 6. Saudi Arabia 7. Canada 8. India 9. United Kingdom 10. Spain 11. Australia 12. Peoples Rep. of China 38.4 12.1 10.1 6.8 6.5 6.4 6.1 5.7 5.4 4.8 4.1 3.3
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India - with some 20 million China with a diaspora of some 35 million The Philippines with some 7 million
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The Receivers
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The Receivers
56 mil.
50 mil.
Asia follows with 50 million migrants
Source: UN Pop. Div. 2002
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Andorra Macao Special Administrative Region of China Guam The Holy See Monaco Qatar The United Arab Emirates
Source: IOM
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- Family reunification
- Business - Study and research - Forced migration - Irregular outflows
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All other regions decreased over the same period except North America and the former Soviet Union which saw a sharp increase in migrant stock. (For the Ex USSR this is in part due to the change of borders following the breakup)
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Short(er)-term
1-3 years
Multi-stage
A
Circular
B B
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Asia: only region where female migrant share declined in this period: from 46.4% to 43.3% Recent global trend: women increasingly migrating independently, rather than as family members
Migration flows have changed in recent years with changing poles of attraction for labour migration In some parts of the world, migrant stock has actually decreased
Source: UNDESA, 2004
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Todays migrant is not necessarily a male head of household close to 50% of migrants are women
men women
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Traditional countries of immigration Australia Canada New Zealand United States Russia Japan
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Source: Glossary on Migration, IOM 20041, Fargues, Senders Turned into Receivers 20072
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+
Social tension Public service costs Pressure on wages Brain drain Irregular migration Security risks Integration costs
Alleviates poverty Meets labour market needs Relieves unemployment Increases productivity Remittances
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Countries of origin Brain drain Reliance on emigration delays structural reforms Adverse effect on development Effects on families & communities
Social instability
Job displacement
Migrants
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Alleviates poverty
Reduces unemployment Access to remittances & skills
Empowerment of women
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Local workers in same job categories as migrants more likely to lose Skilled migration generates jobs Immigration raises social welfare costs
Depends on age, skill level, social & ethnic background Migrants contribute to welfare systems Less dependant on welfare in certain countries Most self-supporting
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Source: Global Commission on Intl Migration1, U.S. State Department2, European Commission3, OECD3
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Remittances
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Remittances
Remittances: considerable potential Steady growth from 17.7 bil. in 1988 to 72.3 bil in 2001 Volume surpasses official inflows and direct foreign investment
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The Conclusions
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Conclusions
Multiple stakeholders involved: governments, migrants, host communities, businesses, NGOs and other civil society actors Within government many actors: migrations links with trade, development, security, health, environment, culture etc. Most analysts agree that migration is and has been a positive force for development and for social progress. The main problem is that migration is still largely unplanned or unmanaged. It is easy to get the impression that the only ones doing the planning are the individual migrants, and the smugglers who facilitate irregular movement and who often abuse migrants in the process. State policies and actions are too often primarily a reaction to this kind of movement. 46