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CHAPTER-9
D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
SAMPLING CONSIDERATIONS
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
SLIDE 9-1
Sampling Concepts
DR
Population: Population refers to any group of people or objects that form the subject of study in a particular survey and are similar in one or more ways. Element: An element comprises a single member of the population. Sampling frame: Sampling frame comprises all the elements of a population with proper identification that is available to us for selection at any stage of sampling. Sample: It is a subset of the population. It comprises only some elements of the population. Sampling unit: A sampling unit is a single member of the sample. Sampling: It is a process of selecting an adequate number of elements from the population so that the study of the sample will not only help in understanding the characteristics of the population but will also enable us to generalize the results. Census (or complete enumeration): An examination of each and every element of the population is called census or complete enumeration.
D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
SLIDE 9-2
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D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
option.
The
study of a sample instead of complete enumeration may, at times, produce more reliable results.
RESEARCH
SLIDE 9-3
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D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
not a representative of the population but because of other reasons. Some of these reasons are listed below:
Plain lying by the respondent. The error can arise while transferring the data from the questionnaire to the spreadsheet on the computer. There can be errors at the time of coding, tabulation and computation. Population of the study is not properly defined Respondent may refuse to be part of the study. There may be a sampling frame error.
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
SLIDE 9-4
DR
Sampling Design
Probability Sampling Design - Probability sampling designs are used in conclusive research. In a probability sampling design, each and every element of the population has a known chance of being selected in the sample. Types of Probability Sampling Design
Simple random sampling with replacement Simple random sampling without replacement Systematic sampling Stratified random sampling Cluster sampling
D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
SLIDE 9-5
DR
Sampling Design
Non-probability Sampling Designs - In case of non-probability sampling design, the elements of the population do not have any known chance of being selected in the sample.
D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
SLIDE 9-6
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D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
without giving any explicit consideration to the accuracy of the sample results or the cost of sampling.
The total budget for the field survey in a project proposal is
allocated.
Researchers may decide on the sample size based on
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
SLIDE 9-7
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D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
measured by the population standard deviation, larger will be the size of the sample.
The confidence attached to the estimate: Higher the confidence
the researcher wants for the estimate, larger will be sample size.
The allowable error or margin of error: Greater the precision the
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
SLIDE 9-8
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D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
n = Sample size = Population standard deviation e = Margin of error Z = The value for the given confidence interval
CONCEPTS AND
RESEARCH
SLIDE 9-9
DR
D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
RESEARCH
CONCEPTS AND
D R D E E PA K C H A W L A NEENA SONDHI
DR
RESEARCH
END OF CHAPTER
CONCEPTS AND