Anatomi endokrin:

dr. Zainuri Sabta N Departemen Anatomi FKUII

NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE CONTROL SYSTEMS: A CONTRAST

NERVOUS SYSTEM Mechanism of control:

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Mechanism of control:

Neurotransmitters released in response to nervous stimuli.

Chemical messengers delivered to target tissues. Virtually any or all of the cells of the body

Target Cells:

Target Cells:

Muscles Glands Other neurones

NERVOUS & ENDOCRINE CONTROL SYSTEMS: A CONTRAST

RESULTANT ACTION:

RESULTANT ACTION:

Muscular contraction Glandular secretion

Changes in Metabolic Activities.

TIME TAKEN FOR ONSET OF ACTION:

TIME TAKEN FOR ONSET OF ACTION:

Milliseconds.

DURATION OF THE ACTION:

Seconds to hours or days.

Generally short.

DURATION OF THE ACTION:

Generally long.

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: WHAT?

Endocrines: Without ducts: Ductless glands. A group of glands all of which lack ducts or specific channels to release their secretions. All of them secrete or produce Chemical Messengers or Hormones. Hormones by definition bring metabolic changes in target tissues. The target tissues are usually far away from the endocrine glands.

ENDOCRINE GLANDS

HYPOTHALAMUS PITUITARY GLAND THYROID GLAND PARATHYROID GLANDS ADRENAL GLANDS ENDOCRINE PANCREAS GONADS:

PLACENTA MISCELLANEOUS ENDOCRINE GLANDS:

TESTES OVARY

Thymus ? bukan organ endokrin Pineal Kidney erythropoietin GIT gastrin, Sekretin Liver Angiotensinogen, Somatomedin Heart Local hormones

CLASSICAL ENDOCRINE GLANDS IN THE BODY

Testes Ovaries

HORMONES PRODUCED IN THE BODY

HYPOTHALAMUS:

CRH, TRH, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH, PIH.

ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin.

ADH, & Oxytocin. Thyroxin, T3, Calcitonin.

POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND:

THYROID GLAND:

HORMONES PRODUCED IN THE BODY

ADRENAL CORTEX:

Aldosterone, Cortisol, Sex steroids. Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Dopamine. Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin, Pan polypeptide.

ADRENAL MEDULLA:

ENDOCRINE PANCREAS:

HORMONES PRODUCED IN THE BODY

TESTES:

OVARY:

Testosterone, Estrogen, Inhibin. Estrogens, Progesterone, Relaxin. Estrogens, Progesterone, HCG, HPL. Thymosin.

PLACENTA:

THYMUS:

PINEAL GLAND:

Melatonin.

1/20/2014

EndoPhysio AntPitPara

12

PITUITARY GLAND

PITUITARY GLAND

Synonym: Hypophysis Cerebri. Pituita = Mucus (Latin) So named by the Scientist Galen Hypophysis Cerebri = Outgrowth from the Cerebrum. Has two important parts:

Anterior Pituitary: Adenohypophysis Posterior Pituitary: Neurohypophysis

EMBRYOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY

Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis:

Derived from an upward evagination of the Rathkes pouch (Ectoderm).

Derived from a downward growth of the Infundibulum from the Diencephalon, a structure of the Neurectoderm.

Posterior Pituitary or Neurohypophysis:

PITUITARY GLAND

DIMENSIONS:

1 cm in diameter. 0.5 to 1 gm in weight.

LOCATION:

Sella turcica A bony cavity.

Anterior Lobe Posterior Lobe Pars Intermedia

DIVISIONS:

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS: CLASSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF CELLS

CHROMOPHOBES:

50% of the cells Agranular & Non secretory Acidophils: 35%

CHROMOPHILS:

Secrete: Growth Hormone & Prolactin Secrete:

Basophils: 15%

Glycoproteins : FSH, LH & TSH Polypeptides : ACTH & MSH

MODERN CLASSIFICATION OF ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL CELLS

SOMATOTROPHS:

GONADOTROPHS:

Secrete Growth Hormone Secrete Prolactin Secrete TSH

Are of two types:

MAMMOTROPHS:

FSH type: secrete FSH LH type: secrete LH

THYROTROPHS:

CORTICOTROPHS (ADRENOCORTICOME LANOTROPHS)

Secrete ACTH & MSH

ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES

GROWTH HORMONE: SOMATOTROPIN THYROTROPIN: THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE(ACTH) GONADOTROPIC HORMONES:

FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) LUTEINISING HORMONE (LH); Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)

PROLACTIN

Adenohypophysial Hormones: A Mnemonic for you!

Those Giant Gonads Prolong the Action

T = Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) G = Growth Hormone G = Gonadotropins: FSH & LH P = Prolactin A = Adreno Cortico Tropic Hormone (ACTH)

WHAT IS HypothalamoHypophyseal AXIS?

The connection between the Hypothalamus, a part of the Nervous System and the Endocrine System. The part of the Nervous System involved is the Hypothalamus. The part of the Endocrine System involved is the Pituitary gland, also called as Hypophysis Cerebri.

THE ENDOCRINE ORCHESTRA

HYPOTHALAMUS

The Endocrine glands act as if they are a part of an orchestra. The Conductor is the Pituitary Gland. The brains of the Conductor, which runs him, is the Hypothalamus!

THYROID ADRENAL

OVARY

HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL CONNECTIONS

VASCULAR Between the Median Eminence (eminentia mediana) of the Hypothalamus & the Anterior Pituitary. The Hypothalamohypophysial portal system. Vascular connection:

NEURAL Between the Supraoptic & Paraventricular Nuclei in the Hypothalamus & the Posterior Pituitary. The Hypothalamohypophysial tract. Neural connection:

Carries Hypophysiotropic hormones.

Carries the secreted hormones, ADH & Oxytocin, from the Hypothalamus to the Post Pituitary.

H-H AXIS: Physiologic Anatomy

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES

Synonym: Hypophysio-tropic Hormones. Secreted and released by the Hypothalamic neuro-secretory cells, to act on the Anterior Pituitary cells. May be Stimulatory or Releasing Hormones or Inhibitory in nature. This hypothalamo - hypophysial system is a Cascade Amplifier.

CASCADE AMPLIFICATION
HYPOTHALAMUS
Hypophysiotropic Hormones in Nanograms Eg: TRH

ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Adenohypophysial tropic Hormones in Micrograms Eg: TSH

TARGET GLAND
Hormone In Milligrams Eg: Thyroxine

HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES

The neuro-secretory cells in the Hypothalamus in turn are regulated by numerous nerve pathways projecting on to the Hypothalamus.

HYPOPHYSIOTROPIC HORMONES

GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH) GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE(GHRH) GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITING HORMONE ( SOMATOSTATIN ) (GHIH) THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) PROLACTIN INHIBITING HORMONE (PIH) CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)

HYPOTHALAMUS
GnRH GHRH GHIH SS TRH PIH CRH

FSH LH

GROWTH HORMONE

TSH

PROLACTIN

ACTH

ANTERIOR PITUITARY
RELEASING FACTORS INHIBITING FACTORS

H Y P O T H A L A M O H Y P O P H Y S I A L

P O R T A L S Y S T E M

HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL neurovascular tract

Regulator hormon dari HYPOTHALAMUS ditranspor ke pituitari anterior melalui SISTEM VENA PORTAE HYPOTHALAMUS. Dengan jalur: CIRCULUS A. CEREBRI (circulus willisi) -a. Hypophysialis superior plexus primarius (anyaman kapiler di dalam hypothalamus yang menghasilkan regulator hormon) vena portae hypophysialis plexus secundarius (anyaman kapiler ke dua di dalam pituitari anterior yang menghasilkan regulator hormon di hypothalamus dan hormon pituitari) v. Hypophysialis anterior vena jugularis interna.

REVIEW: H- H AXIS

Two connections between the two Control systems:

Vascular: Between the eminentia mediana (ME) of Hypothalamus & the Anterior Pituitary or Adenohypophysis The H-H Portal System Neural: Between the SO & PV Nuclei in the Hypothalamus & the Posterior Pituitary or the Neurohypophysis The H-H Nervous Tract

Thyroid

1. Bi-lobed structure in neck; lobes connected by isthmus that crossed anterior to trachea 2. Gut Endoderm origin 3. Begins to function 10 wk of fetal development 4. The normal mass of the thyroid is about 30 g. 5. It is highly vascularised and receives 80-120 ml of blood per min.

Thyroid

Microscopic spherical sacs called thyroid follicles makes up the most of thyroid gland. The wall of each follicle consists primarily of cells called follicular cells, most of which extend to the lumen of the follicle. A basement membrane surrounds each follicle. When the follicular cells are inactive, their shape is low cuboidal to squamous, but under the influence of TSH they become active in secretion and ranges from cuboidal to low columnar in shape.

Thyroid
1. The follicular cells produce two hormones: thyroxin (tetraiodothyronin) or T4 because it contains four atoms of iodine, and triiodothyronin or T3, which contains three atoms of iodine.T3 and T4 are also known as thyroid hormones. 2. Between follicles are many fenestrated capillaries, some connective tissue 3. Follicle cells synthesize and secrete colloid and then pinocytose colloid, process it and release hormones from basal surface of cell to capillaries 4. Parafollicular (C) cells: A few cells, larger, pale staining, in follicle epithelium or in clusters between follicles. They produce the hormone calcitonin, which helps regulate calcium homeostasis.

REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION

PARATHYROID GLANDS

Parathyroid glands secretes parathyroid hormone. 1. It is small, pea-shaped glands, 3 X 6 m on posterior side of thyroid 2. 2 cells: Chief cells and oxyphil cells 3. It regulate the level of calcium in the body (osteoclast activity) and regulates phosphate levels. 4. this hormone - level of calcium 5. Hypocalcaemia can result if parathyroids are removed or

in blood

Skema di samping menunjukkan peranan calsitonin (garis hijau), hormon parathyroid (garis biru) dan calsitriol (garis oranye) dalam hemostasis calsium. Dalam kerjanya mengatur kadar Ca2+ darah, calsitonin dan PTH bersifat antagonis

1. Chief cell: most common, small polygonal cells with acidophilic cytoplasm; secrete parathyroid hormone 2. Oxyphil cell: less common, larger, acidophilic cytoplasm; function unknown, may be a different physiological state of chief cell

ADRENAL GLAND

1. 2. 3.

4. 5. 6.

Terdapat sepasang glandula suprarenalis, yang masingmasing melekat di polus superior ginjal, dibalut lemak perirenal Bentuk piramidal pipih, saat dewasa, masing-masing berukuran tinggi 3-5 cm, lebar 2-3 cm, dan tebal kurang dari 1 cm, serta berat 3.5-5 gr (saat lahir separohnya) Selama perkembangan embrional, gland. Adrenal berdiferensiasi menjadi dua bagian dengan fungsi yang berbeda, yaitu regio besar di bagian perifer (80-90% bagian) disebut cortex dan bagian kecil central disebut medula. Capsule tersusun oleh jar. Ikat padat irregular Capsule membentuk septa/trabeculae Stroma tdr dari fibra reticularis & fibroblast

GLANDULAE ADRENAL
1. Cortex berasal dari mesoderma 2. Medulla berasal dari crista neuralis (ectoderm) 3. Kedua regio tsb. sangat vasculer 4. Cortex adrenal dibagi 3 lapisan, zona glomerulosa (Aldosteron & mineralokortikoid), zona fasciculata (Glucocorticoid dan sebagian androgen), dan zona reticularis memproduksi hormon Glucocorticoid dan sebagian androgen 5. sedangkan medula memproduksi katekolamin, NE, epinefrin, dan sebagian kecil dopamin.

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla ~ Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

GLANDULAE ADRENAL Vascularisasi

Pancreas
Ingat, bahwa pancreas adalah glandula exocrin dan sekaligus sebagai glandula endokrin. Glandula eksokrin mengelilingi ductus di mana selsel tersebut mengeluarkan pancreatic juice (enzim) yang digunakan untuk proses pencernaan di dalam duodenum. Sel-sel endokrin pancreas terdapat di dalam kelompok/ clusters/area tertentu yang disebut pulau-pulau langerhan/ISLETS OF LANGERHANS (pancreatic islets). Yang penting untuk diingat adalah, di dalamnya terdapat sel-sel alpha dan beta. Sel-sel alpha menghasilkan glukagon, hormon yang akan meningkatkan kadar gula darh apabila kadar gula mendadak turun dari normal. Sedangkan sel-sel beta menghasilkan insulin, yang bekerja menurunkan kadar gula apabila mendadak naik dari normal. Satu dari organ target hormon insulin dan glukagon adalah hepar, disinilah pengaturan glukosa sangat penting (lebih lanjut baca biokimia).

Pancreas
Sel-sel Acini (99%) Sel-sel glandula Epitelial (claster)

GLAND. EKSOKRIN
Pancreatic islets (1%)

Mensekresi enzym dan cairan pencernaan (pancreatic Juice) Sel Sel Sel Sel A (17%) -> Glukagon B (70%) -> insulin D (sedikit) -> somatostatin F (sisanya) -> polipeptida

Pancreatic islets

GLAND. ENDOKRIN

Sel-sel acinus

Mammary Glands

Organs of milk production located within mammae or breasts

Consist of glandular lobes and adipose tissue Coopers ligaments support the breasts

Testes

Glandulae

Exocrine Endocrine

Pada bangunan yang disebut sel-sel intertisial/ INTERSTITIAL ENDOCRINOCYTES menghasilkan testosteron, yang merangsang pertumbuhan dan memelihara tanda-tanda kelamin laki-laki dan mengatur produksi sperma.

Regulation of Sex Hormone Secretion

Hypothalamus releases

GnRH or LHRH which stimulates

LH or ICSH to produce testosterone FSH to stimulate sperm cell formation Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

Puberty and Testosterone

Puberty

Testosterone

Age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction

Before puberty small amounts of testosterone inhibit GnRH release During puberty testosterone does not completely suppress GnRH release, resulting in increased FSH,LH, and testosterone

Produced by interstitial cells, adrenal cortex and sustentacular cells Causes development of male sex organs in embryo, stimulates descent of testes, causes enlargement of genitals and necessary for sperm cell formation

Ovarium
FOLIKEL OVARII mengasilkan estrogen, sedang CORPUS LUTEUM menghasilkan estrogens & progesterone. Estrogens dan progesterone merangsang perkembangan dan memelihara tanda-tanda kelamin wanita, mengatur siklus menstruasi, menyiapkan endometrium untuk implantasi embrio, dan menjaga kehamilan

28-50

Maturation of Follicle and Oocyte

Corpus luteum

Menstrual Cycle

Hormone Regulation during Menstrual Cycle

Perubahan hormonal selama hamil

PLACENTA di dalam uterus wanita hamil, merupakan organ endokrin juga. Pada awal kehamilan, plasenta menghasilkan human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), yang bekerja menjaga CORPUS LUTEUM di mana corpus luteum sebagai penghasil estrogen and progesterone selama kehamilan. Sedang, pada kehamilan akhir plasenta mengambil alih corpus luteum sebagai penghasil estrogen & progesterone. Estrogens & progesterone berfungsi menjaga endometrium selama kehamilan dan menyiapkan glandula mammae untuk memproduksi susu (ASI)

PINEAL GLAND
GLANDULA PINEALIS terletak di otak, sebelah posterior dari hypothalamus. Kelenjar ini menghasilkan hormon MELATONIN, yang pengeluaranya di atur oleh irama sircadian siang dan malam. Apabila terdapat banyak cahaya yang masuk (siang), produksi melatonin mengalami penurunan drastis. Sebaliknya produksi melatonin meningkat selama hari gelap, sehingga melatonin disepakati sebagai pengatur jam biologi tubuh (siklus siang-malam) dan memacu aktivitas tidur