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OWA200002 WCDMA RAN Basic Principle

ISSUE1.0
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Chapter 1 Radio Transmission Environment Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Multi-path Environment
Transmitted signal

Received signal Time

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Fading
Received Power(dBm) -20 Fast fading Slow fading -40

-60

10

20

30

Distance(m)

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Frequency Selection of Fading

P(f) P(f)
Fading

Narrowband System
Transmit Signal

Received Signal

P(f)

P(f)

Fading

Broadband System
Transmit Signal

f
Received Signal

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Chapter 1 Radio Transmission Environment Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental 2.1 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology 2.2 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology

Multiple access technology

Time division multiple access (TDMA) Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Duplex technology

Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)

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Multiple Access Technology

CDMA
Power

Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000

TDMA
Power

FDMA

Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM

Power

Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Characteristics of CDMA System

High Spectral Efficiency

Frequency multiplex coefficient is 1.

soft capacity

Quality Coverage Interference

Self-interference system

A UE transmission power is interference for another UE.

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Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental 2.1 Multiple Access Technology and Duplex Technology 2.2 CDMA Principle and RAKE Technology

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correlation
Correlation is a measure of similarity of between any two arbitrary signals.
EXAMPLE:
+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1

-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 correlation Identical signals

+1 0 -1

-1 1 -1 1 11 11 -1 1 -1 1 Zero correlation Orthogonal signals

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OVSF&Walsh
Creating the orthogonal code sequences Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1)

Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4
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Autocorrelation
Example: -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
Correlation

Delay time 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Delay time (chip)

sequence -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1

correlation 1 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7 -1/7

Autocorrelation is related to the muti-path interference characteristic.

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Configuration of Gold Sequence Generator

Gold sequence is used as scrambling code in WCDMA

clong,1,n
MSB LSB

clong,2,n

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Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Symbol

Data Chip Spreading code Spreading signal =Datacode

1 -1 Spreading 1 -1 1 -1

Despreading Spreading code Data =Spreadingcode 1 -1 1 -1

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Spreading and Despreading (DS-CDMA)

Desired signal Desired spreading signal Spreading code 1 -1 1 -1

Data after despreading

Data after integration

1 -1 8

-8
Other users signal

Other spreading signal Other signal after despreading

Other signal after integration

1 -1 8 -8

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Processing Procedure of CDMA System

Source coding Channel coding

Spreading

Modulation

Radio channel

Source decoding

Channel decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

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Spectrum Analysis of Spreading & Despreading

P(f) Spreading code P(f)

f Narrowband signal

f Broadband signal P(f) f

Noise

Recovered signal P(f)

Signal Combination

Noise+Broadband signal P(f)

Spreading code

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Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
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Structure of RAKE Receiver

Input signal Correlator I Q Phase Rotator Delay Equalizer I I

Code generators

Channel estimator Path 1 Path 2 Path 3

Q Combiner

Matched Filter

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Advantages of CDMA
RAKE receiver is adopted

The time diversity effect generated by channel coherence time is efficiently used.
frequency diversity

Wideband frequency spectrum

Higher interference tolerance and security performance

Low signal transmission power

Great flexibility in carrying multiple services with largely

different bit rate and QoS requirement. Different spreading factors for different services with different data rates
High spectral efficiency

All users can share the same frequency spectrum simultaneously.

Supporting soft handover and softer handover.
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Chapter 1 Radio Transmission Environment Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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HSDPA Key Techniques - Overview

AMC

HARQHybrid ARQ

Fast Scheduling

SF16, 2ms and CDM/TDM

16QAM

3 New Physical Channels

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HSDPA Key Techniques - AMC

AMC (Adaptive Modulation & Coding) based on Channel Quality Feedback
High data rate

Adjust data rate to compensate channel conditions Good channel condition Higher rate Bad channel condition Lower rate Adjust the coding rate to compensate channel conditions Good channel condition 3/4 Bad channel condition 1/3 Adjust the modulation scheme to compensate channel conditions Good channel condition 16QAM
Low data rate

Bad channel condition QPSK

Channel Quality Feedback (CQI)

UE measures the channel quality (SNR) reports (every 2ms or more cycle) to Node-B Node-B choose modulation and block size, data rate primarily based on CQI

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HSDPA Key Techniques - HARQ

Conventional ARQ Received Transmitted blocks are decoded Checked for CRC errors on decoded blocks If errors discard the error bolcks Request the trasmitter for retransmission Hybrid ARQ Received Transmitted blocks are decoded Checked for CRC errors on decoded blocks If errors Store the erroneous block without discarding Request the trasmitter for retransmission Combine the received re-trasmission with previously received trasnmisison

HARQ with Soft Combining Packet 1 Packet 1 NodeB Transmitter

Packet2

UE Receiver

Packet1?

Packet 1 + Packet1?

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HSDPA Key Techniques - Fast scheduling

Scheduling determines which user shall be transmitted.

Scheduler may be based on

CDM, TDM Channel condition Amount of data waiting in the queue (delay) Fairness (satisfied users) Cell throughput, etc

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HSDPA Key Techniques CDM and TDM

SF=1 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16

Channelization codes allocated for HS-DSCH transmission 8 codes (example)

Rel 5 (HS-DSCH)
2 ms

sub-frames (2560 chips)

Earlier releases
10 ms 20 ms 40 ms 80 ms

TTI

Shared channelization codes

User #1 User #2 User #3 User #4

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HSDPA Key Techniques 16QAM

HSDPA Modulation

QPKS 16QAM

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Introduction to Diversity Technique

Diversity technique is used to obtain

uncorrelated signals for combining

Reduce the effects of fading

fast fading caused by multi-path Slow fading caused by shadowing

Improve the reliability of communication Increase the coverage and capacity Macroscopic diversity

Soft handover and softer handover Reduce large-scale fading

Microscopic diversity
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Microscopic Diversity
Time diversity

Channel coding, Block interleaving, error-correction

Frequency diversity

The user signal is distributed on the whole bandwidth frequency spectrum

Space diversity

Receive diversity Transmit diversity

Polarization diversity

Vertical polarization
Horizontal polarization
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Basic Combining Methods

Maximal-Ratio Combiner

The multi-path signals are weighted proportional to their signal SNR and then summed.
Equal-Gain Combiner

Equal-gain combining is similar to maximalratio combining, but there is no attempt to weight the signal before addition.
Selection Combiner

Choose the signal with the highest instantaneous quality, so the output quality is equal to that of the best incoming signal.
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Smart Antenna
Reduce interference Increase coverage and capacity

interference

Wanted signal

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Smart Antenna

Omni antenna

Directional antenna

Smart antenna

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Chapter 1 Radio Transmission Environment Chapter 2 CDMA Fundamental Chapter 3 Performance Enhancement Methods Chapter 4 WCDMA FDD Mode

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Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Channel bandwidth: 5MHz
Chip rate: 3.84Mcps Frame length: 10ms Voice coding: AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Uplink and downlink modulation: QPSK/QPSK Coherence demodulation aided with pilot Fast closed loop power control: 1500Hz Handover: soft/hard handover Support synchronous and asynchronous NodeB

operation
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Characteristics of WCDMA FDD

Satisfy the minimum performance requirement of IMT2000 Compatible with GSM-MAP core network Comparatively steady version R99 has been released Support open loop and closed loop transmit diversity mode Support Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink

Share Channel, adapt to Internet data access mode

Support macro diversity, selection diversity of NodeB

location
Support different fast power control algorithms and open

loop, out loop power control

Fully support UE locating services

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WCDMA Voice Evolution

Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice

quality of 4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps

Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to

improve system capacity

Provide high fidelity voice mode Fast power control

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Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

Support maximum 2Mbps data service

Support packet switch

Adopt ATM platform currently Provide QoS Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink

Share Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better

Provide mobile IP service(dynamic allocation of IP

addresses)
TFCI domain provides dynamic data rate

Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink

symmetric data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

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Thank You
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