Unit 4

LASER AND ADVANCES IN METROLOGY

Syllabus
Precision instruments based on laser

Principle laser interferometer application in linear, angular measurements and machine tool metrology Constructional features types Applications digital de ices

Coordinate measuring machine (CMM)

Computer aided inspection

PRINCIPLE OF LASER
!he se"uence of triggered identical photon from stimulated atom is

#no$n as stimulated emission

!his multiplication of photon through stimulated emission leads to

coherent, po$erful, monochromatic, collimated beam of light emission

!he photon comes in contact $ith another atom or molecule in the

higher energy le el %& then it $ill cause the atom to return to ground state energy le el %' by releasing another photon

LASER INTERFEROMETRY
Two frequency Laser source Op !ca" e"e#en s

$ea# sp"! er $ea# %en&ers Re ro ref"ec ors Laser 'ea&( s #easure#en rece!)er Measure#en &!sp"ay

*SE OF LASER
(aser !elemetric system (aser and (%) based distance measuring

instruments Scanning (aser gauge )iffraction pattern techni"ue *auging $ide diameter from the diffraction pattern formed in a laser

Laser Te"e#e r!c sys e#

LASER AND LED $ASED DISTANCE MEAS*RING INSTR*MENTS

Scann!n+ Laser +au+e

D!ffrac !on pa ern ec'n!que

!hese are used to measure small gaps and small

diameter parts A parallel coherent laser beam is diffracted by a small part and a lens on a linear diode array focuses the resultant pattern+ !he measurement accuracy is more for smaller parts

*auging $ide diameter from the diffraction pattern formed in a laser

LASER INTERFEROMETER

,eam splitter

Var!ous )ers!on of ACLI

Standard -nterferometer Signal beams

-nterferometer

MIC,ELSON INTERFEROMETER

T-YMAN.GREEN INTERFEROMETER

MAC,INE TOOL TESTING

!he accuracy of manufactured parts depends on the

accuracy of machine tools -t can be classified into

Static tests )ynamic tests

S a !c es s . -f the alignment of the components of

the machine tool are chec#ed under static conditions then the test are called static test Dyna#!c es s . -f the alignment tests are carried out under dynamic loading condition+ !he accuracy of machine tools $hich cut metal by remo ing chips is tested by t$o types of test namely+

*eometrical tests Practical tests

Geo#e r!ca"

es s / -n this test, dimensions of components, position of components and displacement of component relati e to one another is chec#ed+ Prac !ca" es s / -n these test, test pieces are machined in the machines+ !he test pieces must be appropriate to the fundamental purpose for $hich the machine has been designed

P*RPOSE OF MAC,INE TOOL TESTING

!he dimensions of any $or# piece Surface finishes and geometry depends on the

accuracy of machine tool for its manufacture

.igh accuracy

TYPE OF GEOMETRICAL C,EC0S ON MAC,INE TOOL

Straightness+ /latness+ Parallelism, e"ui0distance and coincidence+ 1ectilinear mo ements or s"uareness of straight line

and plane+
1otations

MAIN SPINDLE IS TO $E TESTED FOR

2ut of round+ %ccentricity 1adial thro$ of an a3is+ 1un out Periodical a3ial slip Camming

VARIO*S TESTS COND*CTED ON ANY MAC,INE TOOLS

!est for le el of installation of machine tool in hori4ontal

and ertical planes+ !est for flatness of machine bed and for straightness and parallelism of bed $ays on bearing surface+ !est for perpendicularity of guide $ays to other guide $ays+ !est for true running of the main spindle and its a3ial mo ements+ !est for parallelism of spindle a3is to guide $ays or bearing surfaces+ !est for line of mo ement of arious members li#e spindle and table cross slides etc

CMM

Measuring machines are used for measurement of

length o er the outer surfaces of a length bar or any other long member -t is more useful and ad antageous than ernier calipers, micrometer, scre$ gauges !he co0ordinate measuring machine is used for contact inspection of parts Sa ings in inspection 5 to '6 percent of the time is re"uired on a CMM compared to manual inspection methods

TYPES OF MEAS*RING MAC,INES

(ength bar measuring machine 7e$all measuring machine Uni ersal measuring machine Co0ordinate measuring machine Computer controlled co0ordinate measuring

machine

Types of CMM

-or1!n+

CA*SES OF ERRORS IN CMM

!he table and probes are in imperfect alignment+ !he probes may ha e a degree of run out and mo e up and

do$n in the 80a3is may occur perpendicularity errors )imensional errors of a CMM is influenced by

Straightness and perpendicularity of the guide $ays+ Scale di ision and ad9ustment+ Probe length+ Probe system calibration, repeatability, 4ero point setting and re ersal error+ %rror due to digiti4ation+ %n ironment

!he length of the probe should be minimum to

reduce deflection !he $eight of the $or# piece may change the geometry of the guide $ays :ariation in temperature of CMM

CALI$RATION OF T,REE CO.ORDINATE MEAS*RING MAC,INE

APPLICATION
Automobile, machine tool, electronics, space etc+, Machines are best suited for the test and inspection

of test e"uipment, gauges and tools Aircraft and space ehicles determination of shape

ADVANTAGES
!he inspection rate is increased+ Accuracy is more+ 2perators error can be minimi4ed+ S#ill re"uirements of the operator is reduced+ 1educed inspection fi3turing and maintenance cost+ 1eduction in calculating and recording time+ 1eduction in set up time+ 7o need of separate go ; no go gauges for each feature+ 1eduction of scrap and good part re9ection

DISADVANTAGES
!he table and probe may not be in perfect alignment+ !he probe may ha e run out+ !he probe mo ing in 80a3is may ha e some

perpendicular errors+ Probe $hile mo ing in < and = direction may not be s"uare to each other+ !here may be errors in digital system

COMP*TER CONTROLLED CMM

!ypes

CNC.CMM

FLE2I$LE INSPECTION SYSTEM

MAC,INE VISION
A :ision system can be defined as a system for

automatic ac"uisition and analysis of images to obtain desired data for interpreting or controlling an acti ity
Machine

ision can be defined as a means of simulating the image recognition and analysis capabilities of the human system $ith electronic and electro mechanical techni"ues

/our types of machine ision system

-mage formation Processing of image in a form suitable for analysis by

computer
)efining and analy4ing the characteristic of image -nterpretation of image and decision0ma#ing

Compiled by> )+:asanth ?umar

Assistant Professor, )epartment of Mechanical %ngineering, @ansons -nstitute of !echnology, Coimbatore+