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Damage Control
Objectives:
1. Understand damage control theory and its interaction with the damage control organization. 2. Understand the different classes of fires and their preferred extinguishing agents.
Objectives:
4. Discuss the basic procedures for combating shipboard fires and flooding. 5. Be familiar with the damage control equipment, used in combating fires and flooding.
a. preserve stability
Fire Prevention
Fire Prevention
Background:
Fire and flooding are constant potential hazards aboard ship. All possible measures must be taken to prevent their occurrence or to bring about their rapid control and return to normalcy.
Fire Prevention
1. Each ship is required to institute and maintain a fire prevention program. 2. The program should heighten the awareness of ships personnel in the following areas: a. Reduction of fire hazards b. Proper stowage, handling, classification of hazardous material (HAZMAT)
Fire Prevention
c. Shipboard fuels fire prevention d. Hotwork precautions
e. Removal of trash
f. Removal of fuels and lubricants from drip pans
Fire Prevention
g. Proper PMS on firefighting equipment h. Conduct frequent fire safety inspections.
Position
Scene Leader Team Leader - OBA Nozzleman - OBA Hosemen - OBA Plugman Rapid Response Team Investigator - OBA Boundaryman Messenger/Phone Talker Electrician
Team
Attack Team Attack Team Attack Team Attack Team
c. Team Leader: - In charge of the attack team (nozzleman and hosemen) and reports to the scene leader. - Wears an OBA and protective clothing - Operates the Naval Firefighters Thermal Imager (NFTI) when required.
Team Leader
ATTACK TEAM
d. Nozzleman: - Wears an OBA and protective clothing. - Employs hose or other extinguishing agent under the direction of the team leader.
ATTACK TEAM
e. Hosemen: - Wears an OBA and protective clothing. - Tends hose or other extinguishing agent under the direction of the nozzleman.
DCA control the entire evolution from DC Central and advises the CO.
Flooding
Flooding Procedures
The following procedures are general guidelines for controlling either flooding or progressive flooding: a. Attempt to secure the source of flooding b. Spread the word c. On-Scene Leader proceeds to scene
d. Rapid Response Team attempts to Secure the source of flooding ( Watertight Compartmentation)
Flooding Procedures
e. Secure electrical power to the space f. Installed eductors can be used on larger ships to provide a greater capacity to remove water g. Boundarymen will set flooding boundaries - Continually monitor decks and bulkheads for progressive flooding - Report any additional flooding
Flooding Procedures
h. Investigators rove the perimeter of the flood, report the status of fire boundaries. i. OSL makes continuous reports to the repair party leader, who reports to the DCA.
DCA controls the entire evolution from DC Central and advises the CO.
Classes of Fires
1. Class ALPHA Fires: - Characterized by any material that leaves an ash when burned - Fuels are mattresses, books, paper, wood, etc. - Generally produces white smoke
Classes of Fires
Classes of Fires
3. Class CHARLIE Fires: - Electrical fires - Electric motors, controllers, wiring, and electronic equipment - Generally produces bluish-white smoke Primary extinguishing agent: Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Classes of Fires
4. Class DELTA Fires: - Special fires - Normally associated with burning metals (magnesium, titanium) - No specific type of smoke associated with this type of fire. - Primary extinguishing agent: Large amounts of water; jettison if possible.
Firemain System
- The purpose of the firemain system is to provide seawater for fighting fires, but the firemain also provides many other critical services, such as cooling for electronics and air conditioning.
Firemain System
Main Components of the Firemain System:
1. Fire and Flushing Pumps: These pumps are electric, diesel, or steam-driven centrifugal pumps rated between 500 - 1000 GPM. These pumps are designed to have a discharge pressure of between 75 - 175 PSI.
Most ships will have 125 PSI as the nominal firemain pressure
Firemain System
2. Piping: Piping is normally 5 inches to 8 inches CU-NI (a copper nickel alloy) that is highly resistant to corrosion.
3. Risers: Risers are vertical sections of piping that lead to spaces located above the firemain system . Cutout valves are installed to isolate risers from the firemain
Firemain System
4. Fire-plugs: Fire-plugs come in 1-1/2 or 2-1/2 sizes. On larger ships they are located so any point of the ship can be reached with 100 or 50 feet of hose from each of two or more fireplugs.
Firemain System
5. Fire Stations: Stations consist of a fire-plug and attached fire hoses (1-1/2 or 2-12). Salt water enters the fire-plug via a riser from the firemain system. Normally used to provide firemain to the hose, but in the event of loss of firemain firefighting water can be rigged from an outside source to the firemain.
Firemain System
6. Firemain Valves (cutout valves): These globe or butterfly valves are used for sectionalization / isolation of the firemain.
Firemain System
Types of the Firemain Systems: 1. Single Main 2. Horizontal Loop 3. Vertical Loop
4. Composite
5. Multiple Horizontal Loop
Firemain System
DC Features of the Firemain System:
1. Sectionalization: The division of the firemain system into the maximum number of independent sections
It Prevents the loss of the entire firemain if one section is damaged by securing selected system cutout valves
Firemain System
2. Isolation: The process of cutting out a damaged portion of the firemain so water loss and / or flooding is stopped and the undamaged portion of that section can continue to function. Once a break is isolated, it can be easily bypassed by jumper hoses.
Firemain System
Regular firehoses are used as jumpers. The firehoses are normally coupled to the nearest available fire-plug, and cutout valves are used to isolate the damaged installed piping.
Fire-fighting is an all- hands evolution which relies on individuals to properly employ DC equipment associated with combating a fire.
Breathing Devices
1. EEBD: Emergency Escape Breathing Devices (EEBDs) are life-saving equipment designed to provide 15 minutes of breathable air and protection from surrounding hostile toxic atmospheres to personnel while escaping from below decks. EEBDs are designed as a one-time use, throwaway device, and are not intended for use while fighting a fire.
Breathing Devices
2. OBA: Oxygen Breathing Apparatus (OBA) is an entirely self-contained breathing apparatus which enables the wearer to breath independently of the outside air. It produces its own oxygen, thereby allowing personnel to enter a compartment containing smoke, fire, or those having a low oxygen content.
Breathing Devices
2. OBA: - Each Canister allows the wearer to breathe adequately for a max. of 60 minutes, however the actual duration is proportional to the work level. - It is because the exertion and hard work associated with fire-fighting that each canister is subsequently recognized as safely providing 30 minutes of oxygen to the firefighter.-
Protective Clothing
FFE: The firefighters ensemble (FFE) provides the firefighter with greater protection from exposure to heat, steam, water, sharp objects, debris, and flames. The ensemble resembles those worn by civilian firefighters, composed of a one-piece jumper, protective hood, gloves, boots, and helmet.
- The hoses can be found ready to be connected to fire-plugs at fire stations located throughout the ship.
Co2 Extinguisher
The 18 and 27 pound extinguishers contain a cartridge containing CO2 which is used to expel the powder from the canister.
- The max effective range is 18 feet, and each extinguisher lasts approx. 18 seconds during continuous use.
PKP extinguishers are found at various locations onboard ships, especially near engineering spaces, galleys, and flammable store lockers.
PKP EXTINGUISHER
1. The pin at the top should be removed from the valve, and the cylinder placed on the deck to prevent static electricity.
2. When ready, one hand should grasp the horn by the handle to direct the flow of CO2 to the BASE of the fire
How to Activate a Portable Fire Extinguisher 4. Sweep the nozzle back and forth at the base of the fire. After the fire is out, watch it carefully since it may reignite.
- First, the AFFF / water mixture produces a film on the surface of the flammable liquid which prevents the escape of vapors.
- Second, the layer of foam effectively keeps oxygen from the fuel source.
Flooding
Flooding may occur from a number of causes: - Underwater or waterline hull damage
Flooding
- Ruptured water piping
Flooding
- The use of large quantities of water for Fire-fighting or counter-flooding
Flooding
If the ship suffers extensive damage, such that it does not stop listing, trimming, or settling in the water, chances are that it will sink within minutes. It is because of these dramatic consequences that all hands must be prepared to use the available assets o combat the effects of flooding and progressive flooding.
Flooding Equipment
Shoring: Shoring is often used onboard ships to: - support ruptured decks - strengthen weakened bulkheads - build up temporary decks and bulkheads against the sea - support hatches doors - provide support for equipment that has broken loose.
Shoring
Flooding Equipment
Shoring: The basic materials required for shoring are: - shores - portable beam - wedge - triangular block - shole - rectangular block - strongback - wooden piece used to distribute pressure from a shore
Flooding Equipment
Portable Eductors: Portable eductors are jet-type pumps used to move liquid from one place to another by entraining the pumped liquid in a rapid flowing stream of water (Venturi Effect).
Flooding Equipment
Portable Eductors: These portable eductors are ideally suited for removing liquid from a flooded compartment because of their ability to pump liquids containing small particles of foreign matter in addition to contaminated water.
Flooding Equipment
Portable Eductors: Since the operating medium of an eductor is water under pressure, they can be actuated through fire hoses by either firemain pressure or the discharge of a P-250 pump.
Flooding Equipment
Portable Eductors: Two Types 1. Single-jet - Uses a single jet around the periphery of the vacuum chamber. A strainer prevents debris from being sucked into the eductor, and a foot valve prevents back-flooding.
Flooding Equipment
2. Peri-jet eductor - Uses six jets around the periphery of the vacuum chamber. The peri-jet is approximately 7% more efficient than the single-jet eductor, but does not have a strainer or foot valve.
Flooding Equipment
Portable Electric Submersible Pump: The portable electric sub-pump is used aboard ships for dewatering flooded compartments that do not have an installed drainage system. - It is a centrifugal pump driven by a constant speed AC or DC motor.
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Controlling the effects of a CBR attack involves limiting the exposure of vital areas of the ship and personnel to the agent, as well as removing the contaminant from the vessel. A practical knowledge of the protective masks, clothing, and equipment used in the event of a CBR attack is crucial to the survivability of the crew.
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Breathing Devices and Protective Clothing
Protective Masks: The protective masks found onboard naval vessels are worn during CBR attacks. These rubber masks remove contaminants from the environmental air through attached canisters. The protective mask currently found onboard ship is: MCU-2/P protective mask
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Breathing Devices and Protective Clothing
MCU-2/P protective mask: This unit uses one C2 canister which also filters vapors, aerosols, and particulate matter but uses a standard NATO thread for canister replacement. Each canister will filter the environmental air safely for 30 days.
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Breathing Devices and Protective Clothing
Chemical Protective Overgarment (CPO): The CPO is a light-weight, charcoal-lined suit offering protection against chemical and biological agents only.
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Breathing Devices and Protective Clothing
Chemical Protective Overgarment (CPO): The suit, when worn in conjunction with a protective mask,, chemical protective gloves, and chemical protective boots, affords the wearer the maximum protection against these environments
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Breathing Devices and Protective Clothing
Chemical Protective Overgarment (CPO): In a contaminated environment the CPO provides 6 hours of protection from agent penetration. Because of the reduced effectiveness when wet, wet weather clothing should be worn over the CPO when contact with water is inevitable.
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Equipment
Countermeasure Washdown System: The countermeasure washdown system is a series of sprinklers located on the weather decks of ships which showers the vessel with salt water.
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Equipment
Countermeasure Washdown System: - Prior to a CBR attack the system is activated to lay a protective coating of water on the vessel.
- After the attack the system is again activated to flush and remove the contaminant agents.
Chemical/Biological/Radiological (CBR)
Equipment
Countermeasure Wash-down System: This serves to remove a majority of the contaminants, the remainder of which is scrubbed by the decontamination teams.
Review Questions
None