1xEVDO Principle

2009-05
Security Level: Internal
CDMA2000 1xEVDO Principle
Wireless Case & Training Department

www.huawei.com
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
Preface
This course mainly introduces the development of EVDO, the air interfaces and key techniques.
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Reference
<cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification>
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Objective
After this course, you will:

Know about the development of EVDO; Be familiar with the air interfaces; Be familiar with EVDO key techniques;
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Chapter 1 EVDO Overview
Chapter 2 EVDO Air Interface

Chapter 3 EVDO Key Technique
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Data Service Development of CDMA

1xEVDV
DL:3.1M
UL:1.8M
CDMA2000 1x DL:153.6k/307.2k UL:153.6k/307.2k
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO DL:2.4M UL:153.6k
1xEV-DO Rev.A DL:3.1M UL:1.8M
LTE
DL:100M UL:50M
EV-DO will replace EV-DV and become the development direction of CDMA.
1995 2000 2001 2004 2005 2006 2007 CDMA 2008 CDMA/TDM OFDM
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1xEVDO Technical Features
The average data rate can reach 0.65~1.5Mbps on the forward links, and the peak rate of EVDO Rel.0 can reach 2.4Mbps, and the data rate on the forward links of Rev.A can reach 3.1Mbps. On the forward link, Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is mainly adopted and Code Division Multiplexing (CDM) is used as supplement. On the reverse link, CDM is mainly adopted and TDM is used as supplement. Full power transmission on the forward link and power is allocated to users in a TDM mode. Only one sector transmits data to a user at any time There is only packet domain in the network structure. EV-DO handoff types: forward virtual soft handoff; reverse soft handoff. Only Dormant handoff is supported between 1xEV-DO and 1x. Different frequencies are used in EV-DO and 1x.
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1xEVDO Application
Video Call Voice Internet
Online Games
VOD
1xEV-DO Network
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1xEVDO Performance Comparison

Item Multiple Access Service Feature Forward Peak Rate Reverse Peak Rate Chip rate/carrier Coding Method Modulation method Frame length CDMA2000 1x
CDMA on the forward and reverse links. Voice and data services 153.6kbpsRC3 307.2kbps (RC4) 153.6kbpsRC3 307.2kbps (RC4) 1.2288Mcps/1.25MHz CovolutionTurbo Forword:QPSK Reverse: HPSK 5ms,20ms,40ms,80ms soft, softer and hard handoff on the forward and reverse links. Forward: fast power control Reverse:open loop and closed loop.
CDMA1x EV-DO Rel 0

Forward:TDMA+CDMA+HARQ Reverse: CDMA Packet data service 2.4576Mbps 153.6kbps 1.2288Mcps/1.25MHz Turbo Forward:QPSK,8PSK,16QAM Reverse:BPSK 26.667ms Forward: virtual soft handoff Reverse:soft,softer,hard handoff. Forward: no power control Reverse: open loop and closed loop.
CDMA1x EV-DO Rev A

Forward:CDMA+CDMA+HARQ Reverse:CDMA+HARQ Packet data service 3.072Mbps 1.8Mbps 1.2288Mcps/1.25MHz Turbo Forward:QPSK,8PSK,16QAM Reverse:BPSK,QPSK,8PSK 26.667ms Forward: virtual soft handoff Reverse:soft,softer,hard handoff, added with DSC channel. Forward: no power control Reverse: open loop and closed loop power control,added with T2P
Handoff
Power Control
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CDMA2000 1xEVDO Network Structure

Air Interface Source Access Network AN
A8
A9 PCF
A10
A11 PDSN
Access Terminal AT
A12 A13/A16 A17/A18 AN AAA
Radius
AAA
Target Access Network AN
AT: Access Terminal AN: In EV-DO,BSC and BTS together are called as AN.BTS is called AP (Access Point). AN AAA: It is used for device authentication. PCF: Packet Control Function. PDSN: Packet Data Serving Node. AAA: Authentication, Authorization and Accounting.
Standards: Air interface: C.S0024-0 V4.0 A interface: A.S00080 V3.0
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1xEVDO Development
There are Rel. 0 and Rev. A two versions: Rel. 0 optimizes the air interface techniques according to the features of wireless internet data service and thus supports high capacity and data rate services. Rev. A not only improves the data rate on the forward and reverse links, but also introduces the QoS mechanism for real time services. As a result, EV-DO Rev. A is capable of carrying real time multi-media services. In October, 2005,Huawei firstly presented self-research Rev.A EV-DO system in international telecommunication exhibition in Beijing. Till December,2007, Huawei has already signed 65 EV-DO contracts in the United States, India, Mexico and Russia. Huawei not only supports Rev.A which is compatible with EV-DO Rel.0, but also supports the evolution to the LTE.
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Summary
1. What is the development of CDMA data service? 2. What are the service differences between EVDO and 1x? 3. What are the differences between EVDO Rel.0 and Rev.A?
4. What are the differences in network structure between EVDO and 1x?
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2.1 Air Interface Introduction 2.2 Application ~ Security Layer 2.3 MAC Layer 2.4 Physical Layer
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Air Interface Protocol Stack

Application Layer Stream Layer
Provides the Signaling Application for transporting air interface protocol messages and the Packet Application for transporting user data.
Provides multiplexing of distinct application streams.
Session Layer Connection Layer

Security Layer
Provides address management, protocol negotiation, protocol configuration and state maintenance services.
Provides air link connection establishment and maintenance services..

Provides authentication and encryption services.
MAC Layer Physical Layer
Defines the procedures used to receive and transmit over the Physical Layer.
Provides the channel structure, frequency, power output, modulation, and encoding specifications for the Forward and Reverse Channels.
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Data Transfer of Air Interface

UATI assignment and session setup
EV-DO Session A EV-DO Session B EV-DO Session C
Time
Connection: Forward/reverse channels assignment Authentication and MAC-Index assignment
Connection 1
Connection 2
Connection 3 Idle
Connection 4 Time
Message exchange: Data transfer.
PDU1
PDU2
Dormant
PDU3
Time
UATI: Unicast Access Terminal Identifier PDU: Packet Data Unit

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Basic Concept
MAC Index: In EV-DO, the system supports that multiple users stay in active
state at the same time, so MAC Index is used to identify different users in the forward links.
PDU: Packet Data Unit. In EV-DO, PDU is used as the data transfer unit. In
different layers, the definition of PDU is different.

UATI: Unicast Access Termination Identifier, is used to uniquely identify AT in the
AN.
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1xEVDO_REL.0 Channels
CDMA 1X EV-DO Forward Reverse
Pilot
Medium Access Control
Traffic
Control
Traffic
Access
Reverse Activity
DRC Lock
Reverse Power Control
Pilot
Medium Access Control
Data
ACK
Pilot
Data
Reverse Rate Indicator
Data Rate Control
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1xEVDO_REL.0 Channels
Forward Channels:
TDM with supplement of CDM, including pilot channel, MAC channels, traffic channel and
control channel.
MAC channels include RA channel (indicating system reverse load), DRC LOCK channel
(reverse DRC acknowledgement), RPC channel (carrying power control information of reverse traffic channel)
Reverse Channels:
CDM with supplement of TDM, including access channels and traffic channels.
Access channels contain Pilot and Data Channels, which transmit the acquisition
information of terminals. Pilot channel is used for relevant demodulation of reverse links and timing synchronization and data channel carries the terminal acquisition information.
Traffic channels include Pilot, Data, MAC and ACK channels. MAC channel assists MAC
layer to perform the rate control of forward and reverse channels.

MAC channels include RRI (indicating reverse rate) and DRC (carrying the rate of forward
traffic channel required from terminals).
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Application Layer - Signaling

Function and protocol: Provides signaling routing, reliable transmission, fragmentation
and encapsulation. It includes SNP,SLP-D and SLP-F protocols.

SNP: The Signaling Network Protocol (SNP) provides message transmission services for
signaling messages.
SLP-D: Signaling Link Protocol (SLP)- delivery layer, provides fragmentation mechanisms,
along with reliable and best-effort delivery mechanisms for signaling messages.
SLP-F: Signaling Link Protocol (SLP)- fragmentation layer, provides fragmentation
mechanisms.
Signaling Messages SNP-H SNP-P
Application Layer
SLP-D-H SLP-F-H SLP-F-P
SLP-D-P
SLP-F-H
SLP-F-P
P:payford H:header
Stream Layer
Stream Layer-P
Stream Layer-P
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Application Layer - Packet

Function and protocol: Provide reliable transmission, mobility management and flow
control functions and it includes RLP, flow control and location update protocols..
When original packet data passes through the application layer, only RLP performs
fragmentation for data and the other two protocols do not process the data.
The Radio Link Protocol (RLP) provides retransmission and duplicate detection for
the data streams and effectively realizes the low error rate of data transfer in air links.
Packet Data RLP-H RLP-P
Application Layer
Stream Layer-P
Stream Layer
P:payford H:header
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Stream Layer
Function: Identify applications with different QoS requirements and application
streams with different priorities are multiplexed in connection layer. The stream layer identifier is only added in the head of data packets.
Stream layer identifier is as follows: Stream0: Signaling application. Stream1: Service application.
Stream Layer
Stream Layer-H
Stream Layer-P
Session Layer-P
Session Layer
P:payford H:header
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Session Layer
Function: Be responsible for session protocol activation and assignment and protocol
parameters configuration.
Protocol: Session Management Protocol (SMP), Address Management Protocol
(AMP) and Session Configuration Protocol (SCP).
Session Layer
Session Layer-P Connection Layer-P
Connection Layer
P:payford H:header
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Connection Layer
Function: Acquire the network, setup/maintain/release/monitor connections, and
perform air-link management and mobility management. Prioritizes and encapsulates data received from the Session Layer and forwards it to the Security Layer.Decapsulate data received from the Security Layer and forwards it to the Session Layer.
Format A
Format B
Connection Layer
Connection Layer-P Security Layer-P Header Connection Connection Header Layer-P Layer-P Security Layer-P
P:payford H:header
PAD
Security Layer
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Security Layer
Function: Provides key exchange between AT and AN, authentication service of AT
and AN, and encryption services and provides public variables needed by the authentication and encryption protocols.
The Security Layer adopts the Key Exchange Protocol, Authentication Protocol,
Encryption Protocol, and Security Protocol to provide these functions.
H H
Encryption-P Authentication-P Security-P Security Layer-Packet
T T T
Security Layer
H
MAC Layer
P:payford H:header T:tail
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MAC Layer
Function: Provide access and control of physical channels:
Control
Channel MAC Protocol defines the rules concerning access network transmission and packet scheduling on the Control Channel.
Access
Channel MAC Protocol defines the rules governing terminal access method and long code generation method.
Forward
Traffic Channel MAC Protocol defines the rules governing rate control and multiplexing and de-multiplexing mode of the Forward Traffic Channel.
Reverse
Traffic Channel MAC Protocol defines the rules the access terminal follows to assist the access network in acquiring the Reverse Traffic Channel. It also indicates the rules the access terminal and the access network use to select the transmission rate used over the Reverse Traffic Channel.
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MAC Layer Control Channel MAC Protocol

Data Encapsulation:
Security Layer
Security Layer-Packet CC-H MAC Layer-H MAC Layer-P
Security Layer-Packet MAC Layer-P PAD reserved
MAC Layer-H
MAC Layer
MAC Layer-Packet Physical Layer-P
CCH
Physical Layer
P:payford H:header
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MAC Layer Access Channel MAC Protocol

Data Encapsulation:
Security Layer
Security Layer-Packet MAC Layer-H MAC Layer-P FCS PAD reserved
MAC Layer
MAC LayerSegment
reserved
MAC LayerSegment
MAC Layer-P
MAC Layer-P
ACH
Physical Layer
P:payford H:header
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MAC Layer Forward Traffic Channel MAC Protocol

Data Encapsulation:
Security Layer
Security Layer-Packet
MAC Layer-H MAC Layer-P MAC Layer-T
MAC Layer
Physical Layer-P
FTCH
Physical Layer
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MAC Layer Reverse Traffic Channel MAC Protocol

Data Encapsulation:
Security Layer
MAC Layer-P MAC Layer-T
MAC Layer
Physical Layer-P
RTCH
Physical Layer
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Forward Channel Characteristics

1.Time division multiplexing with code division multiplexing.
Pilot, traffic, control and MAC channels and RPC and DRC lock are time division multiplexing. RPC/DRC lock and RA channels are code division multiplexing.
2. Forward dynamic rate control replaces power control.

There are 9 rate levels in dynamic rate control. At any time, single user is served.: One user occupies the overall forward power. Adjust data rate according to the wireless environment. At any time, BTS supports full power transmission without power control.
3. Channel structure:
Slot is the transmission unit and the time period of each slot is 5/3ms (1.67ms). Each slot contains 2048 chips. Every 16 slots consist of one frame.. With different rate requested by terminals, data from physical layer can be transmitted during 1, 2, 4,8 or 16 slots.
Frame/Slot Structure of Forward Links

System time
Frame = 26.67 ms 1/2 frame = 13.33 ms 4 slot = 6.66 ms 2 slot = 3.33 ms 1 slot = 1.667 ms
2 Slots 4 Slots 8 Slots
16 Slots
1 5
5 5
6 1 Slot
9 5
10
11
12
13 5
14
15
Active Slot
Data or control 400 chips
MAC 64
Pilot 96 chips
Pilot Data or control Data or control MAC MAC 96 400 chips 64 400 chips 64 chips
MAC Data or control 400 chips 64
1024 chips = half slot
Pilot MAC 64 96 MAC 64
Idle Slot
Pilot MAC 64 96 MAC 64
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Forward Channel Index

MAC-Index
MAC-Index MAC Channel Code 01 2 3 4 563 Not used Not used Not used RA channel 76.8kbps control channel 38.4kbps control channel Not used Preamble Mapping
RPC & DRC Lock Sub- For corresponding channel forward traffic channel.
The MAC Index corresponds to the 64-ary and 32-ary Walsh code, which is used to identify the MAC channel and traffic/control channels. Control channels mainly transmit broadcast or terminal messages, and share the same physical channels with traffic channels. And terminals decides whether it is control channel or traffic channel according to the MAC index. MAC Index is sent in the first slot as the preamble.
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Forward Pilot Channel

Pilot channel transmits all 0 information and it is modulated by W640. Different from 95/1x continuous pilot, EV-DO adopts burst pilot transmitted every half slot. Burst Pilot is transmitted with full power and because it is difficult to lock the burst pilot, protocol defines the access time of terminal is extended from 15s to 60s. Pilot channel is used for the network acquisition, modulation and link quality measure.
AP
Pilot Channel
All 0 Bit
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot MAC 96 64 chips
Pilot Data or control Data or control MAC MAC 96 400 chips 400 chips 64 64 chips
MAC 64
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Forward MAC Channel

MAC channels include RA,DRC Lock and RPC sub-channels. RPC and DRC Lock sub-channels are TDM and spread with the same Walsh code and then they and RA channel are CDM. After the processing, it is called bit stream, which occupies 64 chips and is transmitted four times in every slot. RA is the system reverse load indicator. RPC carries the power control information of reverse traffic channels. DRC Lock indicates that whether the system correctly receives the reverse DRC information or not.
RPC AP DRC Lock RA

Data or control MAC Pilot 96 400 chips 64 chips Pilot MAC Data or control Data or control MAC 96 400 chips 400 chips 64 64 chips MAC Data or control 400 chips 64
Bit stream
MAC
MAC
MAC
MAC
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Forward MAC Channel

The power control frequency of PRC channel is 600Hz and is transmitted 7 times in 8 slots or 15 time in 16 slots. DRC Lock sub-channel is transmitted once in each 8 or 16 slot and it repeats 4-8 times. RA sub-channel is common channel and indicates the reverse load of sectors.
Repetition Cycle 4 or 8 times
Repetition Cycle 4 or 8 times
DRC period 8 or 16 slots RPC for user1 DRC Lock for user1 RPC for user1 DRC Lock for user1
RPC & RA
DRC Lock & RA
RPC for user n DRC Lock for user n
RPC for user n DRC Lock for user n
RA
RA
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Forward Traffic/Control Channel

Traffic and control channels are TDM. Control channel is transmitted once in every 16 frames. System decides the channel types according to the MAC Index. Traffic channel transmits user data and MAC Index of traffic channel is from 5 to 63. Control channel transmits signalling and system messages and MAC Index of control channel is from 2 to 3. The rate of control channel can be 38.4kbps and 76.8kbps.
Traffic Channel
AP
Control Channel
Data stream
Data
Data
Data
Data
Pilot Data or control MAC 96 400 chips 64 chips
Pilot Data or control Data or control MAC MAC 96 400 chips 400 chips 64 64 chips
MAC Data or control 400 chips 64
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Forward Channel Structure

FTC or CC Encoder R=1/3 Or 1/5 Scrambler C D I Q I
Channel Interleaver 16 Channels
QPSK/ 8PSK/ 16QM Modulator
C Q D
Sequence Repetition/ Symbol Puncturing
I Symbol DEMUX 1 to 16 32-Symbol BiOrthognal Cover with MACIndex i 16-ary Walsh Covers Walsh Channel Gain=1/4 Walsh Chip Level Summer Q
I Walsh
Preambles All 0s
Signal Point Mapping 0-+1 1---1
MAC Channel RPC Bits for MACIndex I 600*(11/DRCLockPeriod) bps
64-ary Walsh Cover for MACIndex i
Sequence Repetition
I
0 Q
Signal Point Mapping 0-+1 1---1 Signal Point Mapping 0-+1 1---1 Bit Repetition (Factor =RABLength)
RPC Channel Gain G(i) DRCLock Channel Gain G(i)
64 to 1024 PN Chips per Physical Layer Packet for Preamble

I Walsh Chip Level Summer Sequence Repetition ( Factor=4 ) Q
Q Walsh
B
DRC Lock
Bit Repetition (Factor=DRCL ockLength)
Walsh Cover W464

RA Channel Gain Walsh Cover 0
MAC Channel RA Bits
192 PN chips/time slot Q 0

I
Pilot Channel (All 0s)
Data Encapsulation of Forward Traffic Channel

Data Packet in Physical Layer 1024 bits
Physical Layer-P 1002 bits
FCS 16 bits
TAIL 6 bits

Physical Layer-P
1002 bits
PAD Physical Layer-P 22 bits 1002 bits
FCS 16 bits
TAIL 6 bits

PAD Physical Layer-P PAD Physical Layer-P Physical Layer-P 22 bits 22 bits 1002 bits 1002 bits 1002 bits FCS 16 bits TAIL 6 bits
Data Packet in Physical Layer 4096 bits PAD Physical Layer-P PAD Physical Layer-P PAD Physical Layer-P Physical Layer-P 22 bits 22 bits 22 bits 1002 bits 1002 bits 1002 bits 1002 bits FCS 16 bits TAIL 6 bits
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Physical Layer Parameters of Forward links

Packet data (bits) 1,024 1, 024 1,024 1,024 1,024 2,048 Data rate 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 614.4 307.2 slot 16 8 4 2 1 4 2 1 Physical code Data rate modulation (bits) 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 2,560 2,560 2,560 2,560 1,536 3,072 Symbol Size (symbol) 24,576 12,288 6,144 3,072 1,536 6,272 3,136 1,536 3,136 1,536 3,136 1,536 Preamble (chips) Repetition 1024 9.6 4.8 2.4 1.2 1 2.04 1.02 1 1.02 1 1.02 1
512
256 128 64 128
2,048
2,048 3,072 3,072 4,096 4,096
614.4
1,228.8 921.6 1,843.2 1,228.8 2,457.6
1/3
1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3
QPSK
QPSK 8PSK 8PSK 16QAM 16QAM
3,07 2
3,072 3,072 3,072 3,072 3,072
64
64 64 64 64 64
2
1 2 1
Slot Multiplex Modes:SM1;SM2;SM3;SM4.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 43
Slot Multiplex Mode of Forward Physical Layer

Preamble 64chips Pilot&MAC 224chips Pilot&MAC 224chips
SM1
Data
336chips
Data
800chips
Data
400chips
one slot
1536 Data Modulation Symbols
Preamble 64chips
Pilot&MAC 224chips
Pilot&MAC 224chips
Pilot&MAC 224chips
SM2
One slot or multi-slots
Data
336chips
Data
800chips
Data
400chips
Data
400chips
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Slot Multiplex Mode of Forward Physical Layer

Preamble N chips Pilot&MAC 224chips Pilot&MAC 224chips Pilot&MAC 224chips
SM3
Data
400-N chips
Data
800chips
Data
400chips
Data
400chips
2560 or 3720 Data Modulation Symbols

2-4 Slots ,preamble is less than 400chips Preamble 112chips for 8 slots 624chips for 16 slots
Pilot&MAC 224chips
Pilot&MAC 224chips
Pilot&MAC 224chips
SM4
Preamble 400chips
Data 668chips for 8 slots 176chips for 16 slots
Data
400chips
Data 400chips

2-4 Slots, preamble is more than 400chips
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Forward Traffic Channel Process(307.2kbps/4 slots)

128 preamble chips Data flow after Modulation
6272 data chips divided into 4 TS First slot Interval Slot *2 Preamble 128 chips
Data
272 chips
MAC
64chips
Pilot
96chips
MAC
64chips
Data
400chips
Data
MAC MAC MAC
Pilot
96chips
MAC
64chips
Data
400chips
400chips 64chips
Data
400chips
MAC
64chips
Pilot
96chips
MAC
64chips
Data
400chips
Data
Data
Pilot
96chips
MAC
64chips
Data
400chips
400chips 64chips
Final slot
Data
400chips
MAC
64chips
Pilot
96chips
MAC
64chips
Data
400chips
Pilot
96chips
MAC
64chips
Data
400chips
400chips 64chips
2048 chips

Multiple users are TDM in traffic channels. Preamble should be sent in the first slot. Preamble is the repetition result of 32-ary Walsh code. preamble chips indicated by MAC index, is used to identify different users.
Reverse Channel Characteristics

1. CDM is used in reverse channels with supplementary of TDM.

Pilot and RRI channels of traffic channels are time division multiplexed, and Pilot/RRI, DRC, Data, ACK are code division multiplexed. Long code is used in access channel to identify users. Different from forward channels, frame (time period is 26.67ms) is the transmission unit of reverse channels. And the time of transmitting one packet is 16 slots, which is 1.667ms*16=26.67ms.
2. Reverse rate is adjustable and power control is adopted.
Reverse rate is adjustable:153.6, 76.8, 38.4, 19.2, 9.6kbps, these five rate levels can be supported and Turbo coding and BPSK are adopted. The initial rate is generally 9.6kbps, and increases based on certain probability. Reverse power control and the function of reverse pilot are similar with 1x system.
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Reverse Access Channel

Reverse access channel transmits the information of terminals which access the network. Access channels consist of Pilot and Data channels, and Pilot and Data is transmitted in I path and Q path respectively. Pilot is used for demodulation of reverse links modulation and timing synchronization, and helps terminals to access the network. It is all 0 bit stream transmitted continuously. Data carries the terminal access information and transmits physical packet data with the rate
9.6kbps.
Pilot Access Data
Access Probe
Pilot
Pilot-I Access Data-Q

Capsule Frames
Preamble Frames
tp persistence probe 1 probe sequence 2 3 1 Np
tp
tp persistence 1 2 3 Ns Np Time
ts persistence
1 2 3 2 Np
...
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Reverse Traffic Channel

Reverse traffic channels include Pilot/RRI, DRC, Data, ACK. Pilot and RRI are TDM, and Pilot/RRI, DRC, Data, ACK are CDM. Pilot and RRI are TDM:1 Slot = 2048 Chips, in which 256 chips for RRI ,1792 chips for Pilot. Pilot is all 0 bit stream and RRI indicates the rate of reverse traffic channels and is useful for demodulation at the BTS side.
w 16 0
Pilot RRI
Pilot
Pilot
Pilot
RRI
RRI
1 frame 16 Slots = 26.67 ms
RRI
1.67 ms 1 Slot = 2048 Chips: 256 chips for RRI /1792 chips for Pilot (7:1)
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Reverse Traffic Channel

RRI,DRC,ACK channels are the dedicated control channels and MAC channels include RRI and DRC sub-channel. RRI channel reports the current rate of terminals. DRC channel is used to transmit the requested rate of terminal to the system. Data channel transmits packet data of reverse traffic channels and supports five rate levels from 9.6k to 153.6k.Turbo coding and BPSK are adopted. ACK channel indicates whether terminals receive the forward packet correctly or not and confirms the received packets.
w 16 0 w 16 8
Pilot/RRI
1.67 ms
DRC
1.67 ms 1.67 ms
1.67 ms
w4 2 w
8 4
Data ACK
1/2 Slot
1.67 ms
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Physical Layer Parameters of Reverse Links

Code rate 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/4 1/2 Data Rate (kbps) 9.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 153.6 packet time period ms 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 26.67 Symbol rate 38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2 Data rate after modulation (kbps) 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2 307.2
modulation BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK BPSK
slot 16 16 16 16 16
Packet bits 256 512 1024 2048 4096
Symbol 1024 2048 4096 8192 8192
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Reverse Access Channel Structure

W 016 Pilot Channel ( All 0s)
128 Binary Symbols per Physical Layer Packet
Signal Point Mapping 0+1 1-1

W 24
I
A
Data Channel Physical Layer Packets 256 bits 9.6 kbps
Encoder 1/4
1024 symbol
Channel Interleaver
38.4 kbps
Interleaved Packet Repetition

307.2 kbps
Data Channel Correlation Gain
Q
B
I
A
I
Filter
Spreading Q
B
Q
Filter PNI PNQ Short PNQ Long PNQ
Short PNI Long PNI
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Reverse Traffic Channel Structure

RRI Symbols One 3-Bit Symbol Per 16Slot Physical Layer Packet
Pilot Channel ( All 0s) Simplex Encoder Codeword Repetition (Factor =37)
W 016
T D M 7: 1
Puncture Last 3 Symbols


128 Binary Symbols per Physical Layer Packet W 816
1.2288 Mcps
7 Binary Symbols per Physical Layer Packet DRC Symbols One 4-Bit Symbol Per Active Slot
Bi-Orthogonal Encoder
8 Binary Symbols per Active Slot
Codeword Repetition (Factor=2)

16 Binary Symbols per Active Slot
1.2288 Mcps Walsh Cover W i8, i=0,,7

W 48
DRCCover Symbols One 3-bit Symbol Per Active Slot
ACK Channel 1 Bit Per Slot
Bit Repetition Factor=128

128 Binary Symbols per slot (Transmitted in Slot )

W 24
1.2288 Mcps
Data Channel Physical Layer Packets
Encoder
Channel Interleaver
Interleaved Packet Repetition
1.2288 Mcps
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Summary
1.Which channels does forward channels include? What are their characteristics? 2.What is the frame/slot structure of forward channels?
3.Please describe the slot multiplex modes adopted in forward links.

4.Which channels does reverse channels include? What are their characteristics? 5.Which rate does EVDO system support?
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3.1 Time Division Multiplex
3.2 HARQ 3.3 Rate Control 3.4 Handoff
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Time Division Multiplex

Each
slot is shared with different forward channels at different time and each channel transmits with full power. Different users share the slot resource and in each slot only the specific user is served by the system. In each slot, the user with best link quality is served considering the service fairness. In this way, higher multi-users diversity and system capacity can be achieved.
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Time Division Multiplex

Power
614k AT _1
307.2k
AT _2
1.2M AT _3
2.4M 1.8M 614k 614k AT _1 AT _3
307.2k Time AT _2
614k AT _1
614k Time AT _1
AT _1
307.2k AT _2
1.2M
2.4M 614k 614k 1.8M 307.2k Time AT _2

AT _2
1.2M AT _3
2.4M 1.8M 614k
Time
AT _3
AT _3

Huawei Confidential
Page 59
HARQ
DRC value requests 153.6 kbps R-DRC Channel One half slot offset 1st Slot F-Traffic Channel n n+1 n+2 n+3 2ndSlot n+4 n+5 n+6 n+7 3thSlot n+8 4thSlot n+9 n+10 n+11 n+12 n+13 n+14 n+15
Decode Failed R-ACK Channel Normal receiving 3 Slots delay NAK 3 Slots delay
Decode Failed
Decode Failed
Decode Successful
NAK
3 Slots delay
NAK
3 Slots delay
ACK
Decode Failed
R-ACK Channel
Decode Failed
3 Slots delay Terminate in advance
NAK
3 Slots delay
NAK
3 Slots delay
ACK
Huawei Confidential
Page 60
HARQ
Combined with FEC (Forward Error Correction) and ARQ (Automatic Repeat Request)
techniques, HARQ is adopted in EVDO system. In HARQ technique, data decoded incorrectly can be saved and combined with retransmitted data to improve probability of correct decoding.
Incremental redundancy (IR) is introduced in HARQ. In IR technique, redundancy increases
with the transmission times to improve probability of correct decoding. When transmitting data
for the first time, high coding rate and low redundancy is adopted, and if the receiver does not decode it correctly, the data will be retransmitted with lower coding rate and higher redundancy; The receiver combines the data packets which contain the same information. This process repeats until that the data is decoded correctly or it reaches the maximum retransmission times.
Multiple
slots interleaving is also introduced in EVDO. There are 3 slots between neighbor
transmission intervals which can be used to transmit new packets.
Because of high decode complexity of Turbo, multiple retransmissions costs high latency. As a
result, HARQ is limited in real time services.
Huawei Confidential
Page 61

Huawei Confidential
Page 62
Rate Control-Forward
Principle of forward rate control: In each slot, terminals measure the SINR (C/I) of forward pilot and estimate the maximum rate supported by the forward links in the next slot, and then
send the rate request to the BTS. BTS allocates wireless resource according to the requests
from the terminals. So in forward links of EVDO, time slot is the unit of rate control.
Rate allocation of Forward Links
Rate supported by DO Rate supported by DOA
Huawei Confidential
Page 63
Rate Control-Forward
Process:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Pilot SINR evaluation: In each slot, the station delivers 96*2 bits of forward pilot signal. The terminal calculates the SINR (C/I) of the forward pilot. Channel evaluation: According to the signal noise ratio of the forward pilot in the past period, evaluate the signal noise ratio of the forward pilot in the next slot. According to the signal noise ratio threshold that is set or adapted, query from the table to get the maximum transmission rate that can be supported by the forward link in the next slot. The AT reports the values of DRC Value and DRC Cover to the AN through the DRC channel. The value of DRC Cover determines the sector that serves the AT. The AN learns the expected receiving rate from the DRC Value.
Input of forward pilot channel
Pilot C/I evaluation
Channel evaluation
Target FER
Packet selection
Threshold
DRC request rate
Adjustable C/I threshold

error
packet data of reverse traffic channel
Serving Sector
AT
Decoding
ACK
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD. Huawei Confidential Page 64
Rate Control-Reverse
Process: 1. BTS measures ROT (Rise Over Thermal) of the reverse links in each frame and compares with the threshold to calculate the system current RAB. If the ROT exceeds the threshold, RAB=1;or else, RAB=0. 2. BTS send the RAB information to the served terminals through RA sub-channel of forward MAC channels. 3. Terminal combines the RAB information in the active set and indicate the reverse traffic MAC channels to choose the rate according to the defined restrictions.
P1
P2
P3
P4
Not Busy
9.6 kbps
19.2 kbps
38.4 kbps
76.8 kbps
153.6 kbps
If RAB = 0 (Not Busy), the transmission rate is increased at the probability p.
q1
q2
q3
q4
Busy
9.6 kbps
19.2 kbps
38.4 kbps
76.8 kbps
153.6 kbps
If RAB = 1 (Busy), the transmission rate is decreased at the probability q.
Huawei Confidential
Page 65

Huawei Confidential
Page 66
EVDO Handoff

1xEVDO handoff includes handoff inter-EVDO and handoff between 1x and EVDO. Inter-EVDO handoff: Forward links support virtual soft handoff; Reverse links
support softer and soft handoff; handoff in dormant state between ANs; Handoff in
active state between ANs.
handoff between 1x and EVDO includes: handoff in dormant state between EVDO
and 1x network, handoff in active state between EVDO and 1x network, handoff in dormant state from 1x to the EVDO network, in which handoff in active state from
EVDO to 1x network is a indirectly handoff. It first switches to the dormant state, and
then finishes the handoff.
Huawei Confidential
Page 67
Virtual Soft Handoff

Virtual soft handoff: AT monitors the SINR of all the pilot signals in the Active Set at the same time, and choose the BTS with the largest SINR as the serving BTS. AT chooses the serving sector with the best quality and it only receives signaling and traffic data from this chosen sector. Through the DRC Cover information, cells know whether it is chosen or not.
APB APA Serving AP change

DRC DRC
Serving AP
AP1
AP2
APC
Time
AP: Access Point
t1
Huawei Confidential
Page 68
Summary
1.Which key techniques does EVDO include? 2.What is the application time division multiplex in forward and reverse links? 3.How to realize the HARQ technique?
4.What is the process of rate control forward and reverse links

5.What are differences of handoff between DO and 1x systems?
Huawei Confidential
Page 69
Thank You
www.huawei.com

1xEVDO Principle

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1xEVDO Principle

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2009-05

Security Level: Internal

CDMA2000 1xEVDO Principle

Wireless Case & Training Department

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<cdma2000 High Rate Packet Data Air Interface Specification>

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Chapter 1 EVDO Overview

Chapter 2 EVDO Air Interface

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Data Service Development of CDMA

CDMA2000 1x DL:153.6k/307.2k UL:153.6k/307.2k

CDMA2000 1xEV-DO DL:2.4M UL:153.6k

1xEV-DO Rev.A DL:3.1M UL:1.8M

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1xEVDO Technical Features

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Video Call Voice Internet

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1xEVDO Performance Comparison

CDMA1x EV-DO Rel 0

CDMA1x EV-DO Rev A

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CDMA2000 1xEVDO Network Structure

A12 A13/A16 A17/A18 AN AAA

Target Access Network AN

Standards: Air interface: C.S0024-0 V4.0 A interface: A.S00080 V3.0

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Chapter 1 EVDO Overview

Chapter 2 EVDO Air Interface

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Chapter 2 EVDO Air Interface

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Air Interface Protocol Stack

Provides multiplexing of distinct application streams.

Session Layer Connection Layer

Provides air link connection establishment and maintenance services..

Provides authentication and encryption services.

MAC Layer Physical Layer

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Data Transfer of Air Interface

Connection: Forward/reverse channels assignment Authentication and MAC-Index assignment

Message exchange: Data transfer.

UATI: Unicast Access Terminal Identifier PDU: Packet Data Unit

different layers, the definition of PDU is different.

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Medium Access Control

Reverse Power Control

Medium Access Control

Reverse Rate Indicator

Data Rate Control

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layer to perform the rate control of forward and reverse channels.

traffic channel required from terminals).

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Chapter 2 EVDO Air Interface

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Application Layer - Signaling

and encapsulation. It includes SNP,SLP-D and SLP-F protocols.

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