ENG4139 Spring 2013 Lecturer 1

Introduction to Water & Wastewater Treatment

Dr Xue Jin School of Engineering University of Glasgow

Class Outline

Course administration & objectives How do we use our water? Why do we treat water and wastewater? Historical Development of Water Treatment Health and Environmental Concerns How do we select the best process? Overview of water & wastewater treatment

Objectives
To provide an introduction to the fundamental principles of water and wastewater treatment including water quality and treatment processes Develop understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water and wastewater sources Learn the fundamental physical and chemical processes underlying water and wastewater treatment technologies Be able to have a complete knowledge frame about the basic design and operation of a Waterworks or water treatment process

Reference Books

Water Quality: Characteristics, Modeling and Modification, by G. Tchobanoglous Water Treatment: Principles and Design, by MWH

Tutorial Time

Dr Xue Jin; Xue.Jin@glasgow.ac.uk; 01413303557 Office hours: Tue 10-11am @ Room 803, Rankine Building Or you can make appointments to see me

Assessment/Grading
Grades will be assigned according to the following weighting system:
Exams

= 50%; The midterm (10%) and final (40%) exams will be cumulative, and closed to notes and books Homework = 30%; Homework must be submitted in paper form (i.e., not via email). Show all work and be neat (typed or spreadsheet style preferred) Class project = 20%

Class Project Description

A critical review paper and a final presentation on the application of water and wastewater treatment processes to mitigate a specific water quality problem Students shall form groups of 4 persons. The review paper (10%) + the presentation (10%) One review paper shall be submitted from each group, with individuals contribution towards to paper clearly identified. Presentation: 15min + 5min (Q&A) Discuss the application of water and wastewater treatment processes to mitigate a specific water quality problem

Examples of Project Topics

Inorganic contaminants removal from wastewater treatment with microalgae Application of anaerobic membrane bioreactors for removal of emerging contaminants from wastewater Disinfection byproduct formation, characterization, and removal by nanofiltration Control of rising salinity in the Salton Sea by reverse osmosis desalination Advanced water treatment for reuse of secondary municipal wastewater Removal of drinking water disinfection byproducts by advanced oxidation Particle and NOM removal by microfiltration with inline coagulation Increasing virus removal in media and membrane filtration processes by inline coagulation Removal of algae from reservoir water by enhanced coagulation and dissolved air flotation Use of powdered activated carbon for removal of synthetic organics from groundwater

Class Schedule (planned)

Day
Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu Mon Thu

Week
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Date
07-Jan 10-Jan 14-Jan 17-Jan 21-Jan 24-Jan 28-Jan 31-Jan 04-Feb 07-Feb 11-Feb 14-Feb 18-Feb 21-Feb 25-Feb 28-Feb 04-Mar 07-Mar 11-Mar 14-Mar 18-Mar 21-Mar

Topic/Event
Introduction and principles of water and wastewater treatment Water characteristics Water characteristics Coagulation and Flocculation Coagulation and Flocculation Sedimentation Conventional Filtration technology Softening Disinfection Disinfection visit drinking water treatment plant Membranes and membrane filtration; Mid-term quiz Membranes and membrane filtration Advanced Adsorption Adsorption technology Ion exchange Ion exchange Group presentation Group presentation Group presentation Group presentation Group presentation, submit review paper

How much water is there on Earth?

326,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons

Earth is called the water planet 97% of it is in the oceans The majority, ~69% of fresh water is locked up in glaciers and icecaps

Where Scotland Water Comes From

Surface water (most) Ground water

Uses of Natural & Waste Waters

Potable water production

Drinking, household, business and fire protection

Historically, ensuring an adequate supply of potable quality water for fire protection is the determining factor in new housing construction and other development

Landscape and agricultural irrigation

Generally, potable quality water or traditional (protected) fresh water sources used for food crops Reclaimed wastewater used for landscape irrigation and gray water (toilet flushing) in many locations

Uses of Natural & Waste Waters (contd)

Energy and oil production

Turbine steam (ultra-pure), cooling water, and injected waters for oil extraction Often non-potable water sources brackish, impaired, or reclaimed waters used for cooling

Industry: food, beverage, chemical, plastics, paper, electronics, mineral, salt, metal, and pharmaceutical production processes

Water is an excellent solvent and cleaning fluid consumed by many industrial activities

~100,000 gal water consumed for every car produced in U.S.

Primary Use of Water Throughout the World

Annual Water World Africa Asia and Pacific Europe Latin American and Caribbean Noth America Withdraws (km ) 3317 152 1850 465 263 512
3

Agriculture (%) Industry (%) Domestic (%) 70 20 10 85 6 9 86 8 6 36 49 15 73 9 18 39 47 13

Why treat water & wastewater?

To make it safe & pleasant to drink (DW)

Pathogens, carcinogens, toxics, particles, organics

To make it suitable for consumption (I/A)

Particles, organics, minerals, metals

To reduce environmental impact (WW)

Organics, pathogens, nutrients, metals, toxics, ???

To make it a suitable for reuse (WW)

Salts, minerals, organics, pathogens, toxics, ???

Why treat water & wastewater?

Pollutant Pathogenic microorganisms - virus, bacteria, & protozoa Dissolved solids - salts, minerals, hardness, alkalinity Natural organic matter - humic & fulvic acids, biopolymers Taste & odour compounds - MIB & geosmin Turbidity & suspended solids - soil particles, precipitates, microorganisms Synthetic organic compounds - industrial solvents, household cleaners Nutrients - nitrogen & phosphorous Toxic metals - Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Hg Reason for Removal protect humans from infectious disease acquired through drinking and bathing make water suitable for human consumption; control of scale and corrosion reduce colour & disinfection byproducts; facilitate disinfection; reduce biofilm growth make water palatable to drink facilitate disinfection; reduce BOD; improve aesthetics - clarity & color reduce BOD, toxicity, carcinogenicity reduce euthrophication of receiving waters & other environmental effects of discharge reduce toxicity to receiving environment

All of the above pollutants can be categorized by particle size and chemical nature

The Properties of Pollutants

Chemical Nature Fraction Soluble Size (m) Inorganic <0.001 salts, hardness, alkalinity, P, N, metals clays, metal oxides, precipitates sediment of clays and minerals Organic Biological

fulvic acids, phenols, nucleic acids, sugars, starches, SOCs polypeptides humic acids, proteins, lipids, polysaccharides wood & paper fibres, emulsified oil & grease coarse food particles viruses, bacteria, exopolymers protozoa, algae, fungi, oocysts, spores multi-celled microbes, worms, parasites dead plant and animal matter

Colloidal

0.001 1.0

Filterable

1.0 100

Settleable 100 1,000 Grit, sand, silt

Coarse

>1,000

Stones, rocks, etc.

plastic debris

The Size of Water Pollutants

Historical Development of Water Treatment

Ancient methods: boiling, filtered through sand and gravels 1800s Municipal water treatment plant built in Scotland using slow sand filters 1900s: use of chlorine and ozone as disinfectants 1940s: drinking water standards in US 1970s: discovery of trihalomethanes formation from chlorination 1980s: membrane filtration 2000s: new chemical contaminants and pathogenic protozoan

Health and Environmental Concerns

1850s 1950s: elimination of waterborne disease such as cholera, typhoid fever 1970s 1990s: health effects of trace manmade contaminants e.g. disinfection byproducts (DBPs)

Oxidants used in disinfection can react with natural organic matter in water to form chemical byproducts, some of which are carcinogens Helicobacter pylori and the noroviruses, N nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), pharmaceutical and personal care products, and nanoparticles.

2000s : emerging contaminants and pathogens

Classic Cholera Was Particularly Notable

Illness begins 2 to 3 days after exposure The bacillus colonizes the small intestine. Once there, it releases an enterotoxin which causes intestinal cells to transport water and electrolytes from blood and tissue into the intestine

Symptoms: no fever, explosive vomiting and diarrhea, abnormally low blood pressure, abnormally low body temperature, muscle cramps -often shock; coma; death by dehydration If the victim is not treated, the whole process can reach completion in less than 24 hrs and the death rate is ~ 50%

How do we remove pollutants?

There are two fundamental approaches to reduce the concentration of pollutants in water:

Conversion or Separation or some combination of both!

Conversion Processes implies a chemical reaction

Alters the chemical activity or structure of a pollutant by acid-base speciation, precipitation, oxidation/reduction, ion exchange, or complexation. Dependent on the reactivity of the target compound (e.g., microbes, sugars, synthetic organics, minerals, etc.).

Separation Processes implies physical removal

Creates two streams, one that is highly concentrated and one that is dilute in the pollutant, by physically separating the contaminant from the aqueous stream via sedimentation, aggregation, (molecular, colloidal, or particle) filtration, or evaporation. Dependent on the physico-chemical characteristics of the target compound (e.g., pollutant size, density, charge, hydrophobicity).

Typical Approaches Used for Pollutants Removal

Size fraction of pollutant (m)

Soluble <0.001 adsorption ion exchange precipitation nanofiltration reverse osmosis electro-dialysis distillation evaporation air stripping

Colloidal 0.001 1.0 coagulation/ flocculation ultrafiltration microfiltration

Filterable 1.0 100 granular filtration flotation fine screens centrifugation

Settleable 100 1,000 settling tanks medium screens hydrocyclones

Coarse >1,000 settling tanks coarse screens

Quality of Two Major Water Sources

Surface water

Ground water

Dissolved

Dissolved

Low TDS* (~0.1-0.2 g/l) Variable hardness Variable nutrients (N,P,S,Fe) Low metals Low gases (O2,N2,CO2)

Variable TDS* (0.1-10 g/l for fresh to brackish) High hardness Low nutrients (N,P,S,Fe) Medium to high metals High gases (O2,N2,CO2)
Low organics & bacteria Variable oxides & viruses Low silts and clays Low protozoa & algae

Colloidal

Colloidal

High organics & oxides High bacteria & viruses

Particulate

Particulate

Variable silts and clays High protozoa & algae

TDS: Total Dissolved Solid

Selection of Technologies
1.

Characterize the raw water quality.

(size distribution, density, chemical nature org./inorg./biol., physicochemical properties, toxicity, carcinogenicity)

2.

Determine treated water quality.

(BOD, COD, TOC, TSS, turbidity, colour, N, P, salinity, hardness, alkalinity, metals, SOCs, toxics, etc.)

3.

What is the simplest and most cost effective way to go from 1 to 2?

Municipal Drinking Water

Providing safe drinking water for communities today is challenging for several reasons. Communities are asked to meet increasing demands for water with limited supply and treatment capacity, protect the water from contamination, and follow continually changing regulatory requirements. To meet these demands, municipal treatment facilities must monitor water quality parameters closely and be aware of any changes in the water system. The primary function of these facilities is to provide water that is safe to drink by removing contaminants and destroying harmful organisms in source water. In addition, water is treated to improve taste, odor, and appearance. Chemicals may be added to reduce corrosiveness or scaling, or to soften the water. Fluoride is often added to prevent dental decay. Groundwater typically contains few organisms and low turbidity but high dissolved minerals. Surface water, on the other hand, generally contains many organisms and high turbidity, but low dissolved minerals. Each water source requires different treatment to some extent to provide as efficient a process as possible.

Municipal Drinking Water

Influent and Pretreatment The source water or influent that flows into a drinking water treatment plant can vary greatly in the amount of solids, dissolved minerals, organic matter, and aquatic organisms it contains. The influent, especially from surface water, may contain debris that can clog pipes and damage pumps and other equipment. Pretreatment removes this debris before the water enters the treatment plant. Screens and strainers remove large debris. Pre-sedimentation basins remove gravel, sand, and silt. Micro-strainers remove algae and other aquatic organisms. Aeration may be used with groundwater to remove excess iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. A disinfectant may also be applied at this point to remove taste and odors, oxidize organic substances, and oxidize iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide.

Municipal Drinking Water

Coagulation and Flocculation Coagulation is rapid mixing of chemicals such as lime or alum, which leads to destabilization of charged colloidal particles. Flocculation induces destabilized particles to aggregate by gentle mixing. Coagulation and flocculation lead to the clumping of both suspended and colloidal particles into large flocs, which are very fine, fluffy masses. Clarification and Filtration The clarification process separates the floc from water via gravity settling. The floc is removed as sludge and the remaining clear water then passes through large filter beds that remove most remaining particles. Removal of the floc before the water enters the filter beds greatly reduces the maintenance required on the filters.

Municipal Drinking Water

Disinfection and Distribution, Water from the filtration system moves into a tank called the clearwell, where it is disinfected and conditioned. Disinfectants are commonly added in the clearwell as well as the point where water first enters the system. One of the risks of using disinfectants is that they all form some type of harmful disinfection byproducts (DBP). When chlorine is used, the by-products that form are called trihalomethanes or THMs. The amounts of THMs formed are directly related to the amount of organic compounds in the water at the time of chlorination. For this reason, disinfectants other than chlorine, such as chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ultraviolet light, and ozone may be used where water enters the treatment system and the organic load is high. After coagulation and filtration, chlorine or monochloramine is added to ensure that a residual disinfectant remains in the distribution system to prevent microbial growth.

Municipal Drinking Water

Coagulation & Flocculation

Membrane Facility for Water Treatment

suspended solids colloidal particles disease-causing bacteria some viruses protozoan cysts safety precaution all organisms are inactivated
pH control Microfiltration / Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis UV Disinfection

Treated Sewage

NEWater, Singapore

bacteria viruses heavy metals nitrate, chloride, sulphate disinfection by-products, aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides

End of Lecture
QUESTIONS?