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Lesson 10-1 Lesson 10-2 Lesson 10-3

Graphing Quadratic Functions Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing Solving Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square

Lesson 10-4
Lesson 10-5

Solving Quadratic Equations by Using the Quadratic Formula

Exponential Functions

Lesson 10-6
Lesson 10-7

Growth and Decay

Geometric Sequences

Example 1 Graph Opens Upward

Example 2 Graph Opens Downward

Example 3 Vertex and Axis of Symmetry Example 4 Match Equations and Graphs

Use a table of values to graph Graph these ordered pairs and connect them with a smooth curve. x 2 1 0 1 2 3 y 4 0 2 2 0 4

Answer:

Use a table of values to graph x Answer: 3 2 1 0 1 y 6 3 2 3 6

Use a table of values to graph Graph these ordered pairs and connect them with a smooth curve. x 2 1 0 1 2 3 y 8 0 4 4 0 8

Answer:

Use a table of values to graph x Answer: 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 y 5 0 3 4 3 0 5

Consider the graph of

Write the equation of the axis of symmetry.

In

Equation for the axis of symmetry of a parabola

and

Answer: The equation of the axis of symmetry is

Consider the graph of

Find the coordinates of the vertex.

Since the equation of the axis of symmetry is x = 2 and the vertex lies on the axis, the x-coordinate for the vertex is 2. Original equation

Simplify. Add. Answer: The vertex is at (2, 6).

Identify the vertex as a maximum or minimum. Answer: Since the coefficient of the x2 term is negative, the parabola opens downward and the vertex is a maximum point.

(2, 6)

Graph the function. You can use the symmetry of the parabola to help you draw its graph. On a coordinate plane, graph the vertex and the axis of symmetry. Choose a value for x other than 2. For example, choose 1 and find the y-coordinate that satisfies the equation. Original equation Simplify.

(2, 6)

Graph the function. Graph (1, 4).

(3, 4)

(1, 4)

Since the graph is symmetrical about its axis of symmetry x = 2, you can find another point on the other side of the axis of symmetry. The point at (1, 4) is 1 unit to the right of the axis. Go 1 unit to the left of the axis and plot the point (3, 4).

(2, 6)

Graph the function. Repeat this for several other points.

(3, 4)

(1, 4)

Then sketch the parabola.

(4, 2)

(0, 2)

Consider the graph of

a. Write the equation of the axis of symmetry. Answer: b. Find the coordinates of the vertex.
Answer: (1, 2)

c. Identify the vertex as a maximum or minimum.

Answer: Since the coefficient of the x2 term is positive, the parabola opens upward and the vertex is a minimum point.

Consider the graph of d. Graph the function. Answer:

Multiple-Choice Test Item

Which is the graph of

A B

Read the Test Item You are given a quadratic function, and you are asked to choose the graph that corresponds to it. Solve the Test Item Find the axis of symmetry of the graph Equation for the axis of symmetry

and

The axis of symmetry is 1. Look at the graphs. Since only choices C and D have this as their axis of symmetry, you can eliminate choices A and B. Since the coefficient of the x2 term is negative, the graph opens downward. Eliminate choice C.

Answer: D

Multiple-Choice Test Item

Which is the graph of

A B

Answer: B

Example 1 Two Roots

Example 2 A Double Root

Example 3 No Real Roots Example 4 Rational Roots

Example 5 Estimate Solutions to Solve a Problem

Solve

by graphing.

Graph the related function

The equation of the axis of symmetry is

or or When f(x) equals

So the coordinates of the vertex are

Make a table of values to find other points to sketch the graph. x 3 1 0 1 2 3 4 6 f(x) 8 6 10 12 12 10 6 8

To solve you need to know where the value of f (x) is 0. This occurs at the x-intercepts. The x-intercepts of the parabola appear to be 2 and 5.

Check

Solve by factoring. Original equation Factor. or Zero Product Property Solve for x.

Answer: The solutions of the equation are 2 and 5.

Solve Answer: {2, 4}

by graphing.

Solve

by graphing.

First rewrite the equation so one side is equal to zero. Original equation Add 9 to each side.

Simplify.

Graph the related function x 1 2 3 4 5 f(x) 4 1 0 1 4

Notice that the vertex of the parabola is the x-intercept. Thus, one solution is 3. What is the other solution?

Try solving the equation by factoring.

Original equation Factor.

or

Zero Product Property

Solve for x.

There are two identical factors for the quadratic function, so there is only one root, called a double root. Answer: The solution is 3.

Solve Answer: {1}

by graphing.

Solve

by graphing.

Graph the related function

x
3 2 1 0 1

f(x)
6 3 2 3 6

Answer: The graph has no x-intercept. Thus, there are no real number solutions for the equation.

Solve Answer:

by graphing.

Solve by graphing. If integral roots cannot be found, estimate the roots by stating the consecutive integers between which the roots lie. Graph the related function x 0 1 2 3 4 f(x) 2 1 2 1 2

Notice that the value of the function changes from negative to positive between the x values of 0 and 1 and between 3 and 4.

x 0 1 2 3 4

f(x) 2 1 2 1 2

The x-intercepts of the graph are between 0 and 1 and between 3 and 4. Answer: One root is between 0 and 1, and the other root is between 3 and 4.

Solve Answer: One root is between 1 and 2, and the other root is between 3 and 4.

Model Rockets Shelly built a model rocket for her science project. The equation models the flight of the rocket, launched from ground level at a velocity of 250 feet per second, where y is the height of the rocket in feet after t seconds. For how many seconds was Shellys rocket in the air? You need to find the solution of the equation Use a graphing calculator to graph the related function The x-intercept is between 15 and 16 seconds.

Answer: between 15 and 16 seconds

Golf Martin hits a golf ball with an upward velocity of 120 feet per second. The function models the flight of the golf ball, hit at ground level, where y is the height of the ball in feet after t seconds. How long was the golf ball in the air? Answer: between 7 and 8 seconds

Example 1 Irrational Roots

Example 2 Complete the Square

Example 3 Solve an Equation by Completing the Square Example 4 Solve a Quadratic Equation in Which a 1

Solve by taking the square root of each side. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
Original equation is a perfect square trinomial. Take the square root of each side.

Simplify.
Definition of absolute value

Subtract 3 from each side. Simplify.

Use a calculator to evaluate each value of x.

or

Answer: The solution set is {5.2, 0.8}.

Solve by taking the square root of each side. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
Answer: {2.3, 5.7}

Find the value of c that makes a perfect square. Method 1 Use algebra tiles.

is a perfect square.

Method 2 Step 1 Step 2

Complete the square. Find Square the result of Step 1. Add the result of Step 2 to

Step 3 Answer:

Notice that

Find the value of c that makes a perfect square.

Answer:

Solve
Step 1

by completing the square.

Isolate the x2 and x terms. Original equation Subtract 5 from each side. Simplify.

Step 2

Complete the square and solve. Since ,

add 81 to each side. Factor Take the square root of each side.

Add 9 to each side. Simplify. or

Check

Substitute each value for x in the original equation.

Answer: The solution set is {1, 17}.

Solve Answer: {2, 10}

Boating Suppose the rate of flow of an 80-foot-wide river is given by the equation where r is the rate in miles per hour, and x is the distance from the shore in feet. Joacquim does not want to paddle his canoe against a current faster than 5 miles per hour. At what distance from the river bank must he paddle in order to avoid a current of 5 miles per hour?
Explore You know the function that relates distance from shore to the rate of the river current. You want to know how far away from the river bank he must paddle to avoid the current.

Plan

Find the distance when the square to solve

Use completing

Solve

Equation for the current Divide each side by 0.01. Simplify.

Since

add 1600 to each side.

Factor

Take the square root of each side.

Add 40 to each side. Simplify. Use a calculator to evaluate each value of x. or

Examine

The solutions of the equation are about 7 ft and about 73 ft. The solutions are distances from one shore. Since the river is about 80 ft wide,

Answer: He must stay within about 7 feet of either bank.

Boating Suppose the rate of flow of a 6-foot-wide river is given by the equation where r is the rate in miles per hour, and x is the distance from the shore in feet. Joacquim does not want to paddle his canoe against a current faster than 5 files per hour. At what distance from the river bank must he paddle in order to avoid a current of 5 miles per hour.
Answer: He must stay within 10 feet of either bank.

Example 1 Integral Roots

Example 2 Irrational Roots

Example 3 Use the Quadratic Formula to Solve a Problem

Example 4 Use the Discriminant

Use two methods to solve Method 1 Factoring

Original equation Factor or Zero Product Property

Solve for x.

Method 2 Quadratic Formula

For this equation, Quadratic Formula

Multiply.

Add.

Simplify.

or

Answer: The solution set is {5, 7}.

Use two methods to solve Answer: {6, 5}

Solve by using the Quadratic Formula. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form. Original equation Subtract 4 from each side.

Simplify.

Step 2

Apply the Quadratic Formula.

Quadratic Formula

and

Multiply.

Add.

or

Check the solutions by using the CALC menu on a graphing calculator to determine the zeros of the related quadratic function.

Answer: The approximate solution set is {0.3, 0.8}.

Solve by using the Quadratic Formula. Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.
Answer: {0.5, 0.7}

Space Travel Two possible future destinations of astronauts are the planet Mars and a moon of the planet Jupiter, Europa. The gravitational acceleration on Mars is about 3.7 meters per second squared. On Europa, it is only 1.3 meters per second squared. Using the information and equation from Example 3 on page 548 in your textbook, find how much longer baseballs thrown on Mars and on Europa will stay above the ground than a similarly thrown baseball on Earth.

In order to find when the ball hits the ground, you must find when H = 0. Write two equations to represent the situation on Mars and on Europa.

Baseball Thrown on Mars

Baseball Thrown on Europa

These equations cannot be factored, and completing the square would involve a lot of computation.

To find accurate solutions, use the Quadratic Formula.

Since a negative number of seconds is not reasonable, use the positive solutions. Answer: A ball thrown on Mars will stay aloft 5.6 2.2 or about 3.4 seconds longer than the ball thrown on Earth. The ball thrown on Europa will stay aloft 15.6 2.2 or about 13.4 seconds longer than the ball thrown on Earth.

Space Travel The gravitational acceleration on Venus is about 8.9 meters per second squared, and on Callisto, one of Jupiters moons, it is 1.2 meters per second squared. Suppose a baseball is thrown on Callisto with an upward velocity of 10 meters per second from two meters above the ground. Find how much longer the ball will stay in air than a similarly-thrown ball on Venus. Use the equation where H is the height

of an object t seconds after it is thrown upward, v is the initial velocity, g is the gravitational pull, and h is the initial height.

Answer: 16.9 2.4 or about 14.5 seconds

State the value of the discriminant for Then determine the number of real roots of the equation.
and Simplify.

Answer: The discriminant is 220. Since the discriminant is negative, the equation has no real roots.

State the value of the discriminant for Then determine the number of real roots of the equation.
Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form. Original equation Add 144 to each side. Simplify.

Step 2

Find the discriminant.

and Simplify.

Answer: The discriminant is 0. Since the discriminant is 0, the equation has one real root.

State the value of the discriminant for Then determine the number of real roots of the equation.
Step 1 Rewrite the equation in standard form.

Original equation Subtract 12 from each side. Simplify.

Step 2

Find the discriminant.

and Simplify.

Answer: The discriminant is 244. Since the discriminant is positive, the equation has two real roots.

State the value of the discriminant for each equation. Then determine the number of real roots for the equation. a.
b. c. Answer: 4; no real roots Answer: 0; 1 real root Answer: 120; 2 real root

Example 1 Graph an Exponential Function with a > 1

Example 2 Graph Exponential Functions with 0 < a < 1

Example 3 Use Exponential Functions to Solve Problems

Example 4 Identify Exponential Behavior

Graph
x 3x

State the y-intercept.

y

1
0 1

31
30 31 1 3

32

Graph the ordered pairs and connect the points with a smooth curve. Answer: The y-intercept is 1.

Use the graph to determine the approximate value of

The graph represents all real values of x and their corresponding values of y for
Answer: The value of y is about 5 when Use a calculator to confirm this value.

a. Graph

State the y-intercept.

Answer: The y-intercept is 1.

b. Use the graph to determine the approximate value of

Answer: about 1.5

Graph
x y

State the y-intercept. Graph the ordered pairs and connect the points with a smooth curve.

1
0 1

4
1

Answer: The y-intercept is 1.

Use the graph to determine the approximate value of

Answer: The value of y is about 8 when Use a calculator to confirm this value.

a. Graph

State the y-intercept.

Answer: The y-intercept is 1.

b. Use the graph to

determine the approximate

value of
Answer: about 3

Depreciation People joke that the value of a new car decreases as soon as it is driven off the dealers lot. The function models the depreciation of the value of a new car that originally cost $25,000. V represents the value of the car and t represents the time in years from the time the car was purchased. Graph the function. What values of V and t are meaningful in the function.

Use a graphing calculator to graph the function.

Answer:

Only the values of V 25,000 and t 0 are meaningful in the context of the problem.

What is the value of the car after one year?

Original equation

Use a calculator. Answer: After one year, the cars value is about $20,500.

What is the value of the car after five years?

Original equation

Use a calculator. Answer: After five years, the cars value is about $9270.

Depreciation The function models the depreciation of the value of a new car that originally cost $22,000. V represents the value of the car and t represents the time in years from the time the car was purchased. a. Graph the function. What values of V and t are meaningful in the function. Answer: Only the values of V 22,000 and t 0 are meaningful in the context of the problem.

b. What is the value of the car after one year? Answer: $18,040 c. What is the value of the car after three years?

Answer: $12,130

Determine whether the set of data displays exponential behavior.

x y

0 10

10 25

20 62.5

30 156.25

Method 1 Look for a Pattern

The domain values are at regular intervals of 10. Look for a common factor among the range values.

10

25

62.5

156.25

Answer: Since the domain values are at regular intervals and the range values have a common factor, the data are probably exponential. The equation for the data may involve (2.5)x.

Method 2 Graph the Data

Answer: The graph shows a rapidly increasing value of y as x increases. This is a characteristic of exponential behavior.

Determine whether the set of data displays exponential behavior.

x y

0 10

10 25

20 40

30 55

Method 1 Look for a Pattern

The domain values are at regular intervals of 10. The range values have a common difference of 15.

10 +15

25 +15

40 +15

55

Answer: Since the domain values are at regular intervals and there is a common difference of 15, the data display linear behavior. Method 2 Graph the Data Answer: The graph is a line, not an exponential function.

Determine whether the set of data displays exponential behavior.

a.
x

0 100

10 50

20 25

30 12.5

Answer: The domain values are at regular intervals and the range values have a common factor of so it is

probably exponential. Also the graph shows rapidly

decreasing values of y as x increases.

Determine whether the set of data displays exponential behavior.

b.
x

0 5

10 0

20 5

30 10

Answer: The domain values are at regular intervals and the range values have a common difference of 5. The data display linear behavior.

Example 1 Exponential Growth

Example 2 Compound Interest

Example 3 Exponential Decay Example 4 Depreciation

Population In 2000, the United States had a population of about 280 million, and a growth rate of about 0.85% per year.

Write an equation to represent the population of the United States since the year 2000.
General equation for exponential growth

and or 0.0085

Simplify. Answer: where y represents the population and t represents the number of years since 2000

According to the equation, what will be the population of the United States in the year 2010? Equation for the population of the U.S. or 10

Answer: In 2010, the population will be about 304,731,295.

Population In 2000, Scioto School District had a student population of about 4500 students, and a growth rate of about 0.15% per year.

a. Write an equation to represent the student population of the Scioto School District since the year 2000.
Answer:

b. According to the equation, what will be the student population of the Scioto School District in the year 2006?
Answer: about 4540 students

Compound Interest When Jing May was born, her grandparents invested $1000 in a fixed rate savings account at a rate of 7% compounded annually. The money will go to Jing May when she turns 18 to help with her college expenses. What amount of money will Jing May receive from the investment? Compound interest equation

Compound interest equation Simplify. Answer: She will receive about $3380.

Compound Interest When Lucy was 10 years old, her father invested $2500 in a fixed rate savings account at a rate of 8% compounded semiannually. When Lucy turns 18, the money will help to buy her a car. What amount of money will Lucy receive from the investment? Answer: about $4682

Charity During an economic recession, a charitable organization found that its donations dropped by 1.1% per year. Before the recession, its donations were $390,000. Write an equation to represent the charitys donations since the beginning of the recession. General equation for exponential decay

Answer:

Simplify.

Charity During an economic recession, a charitable organization found that its donations dropped by 1.1% per year. Before the recession, its donations were $390,000. Estimate the amount of the donations 5 years after the start of the recession. Equation for the amount of donations

Answer: The amount of donations should be about $369,017.

Charity A charitable organization found that the value of its clothing donations dropped by 2.5% per year. Before this downturn in donations, the organization received clothing valued at $24,000. a. Write an equation to represent the value of the charitys clothing donations since the beginning of the downturn. Answer: b. Estimate the value of the clothing donations 3 years after the start of the downturn. Answer: about $22,245

Depreciation Jackson and Elizabeth bought a house when they first married ten years ago. Since that time the value of the real estate in their neighborhood has declined 3% per year. If they initially paid $179,000 for their house, what is its value today? General equation for exponential decay

Simplify.

Use a calculator. Answer: Their house will be worth about $131,999.

Depreciation A business owner bought a computer system for the office staff for $22,000. If the computer system depreciates 8% per year, find the value of the computer system in 4 years. Answer: about $15,761

Example 1 Recognize Geometric Sequences

Example 2 Continue Geometric Sequences

Example 3 Use Geometric Sequences to Solve a Problem

Example 4 nth Term of a Geometric Sequence

Example 5 Find Geometric Means

Determine whether the sequence is geometric.

1, 4, 16, 64, 256,

Determine the pattern.

16

64

256

In this sequence, each term in found by multiplying the previous term by 4.

Answer: This sequence is geometric.

Determine whether the sequence is geometric.

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,
Determine the pattern.

11

In this sequence, each term is found by adding 2 to the previous term. Answer: This sequence is arithmetic, not geometric.

Determine whether each sequence is geometric. a.

Answer: yes b. 0, 11, 22, 33, 44,

Answer: no

Find the next three terms in the geometric sequence.

20, 28, 39.2,

Divide the second term by the first.
The common factor is 1.4. Use this information to find the next three terms.

20, 28, 39.2

54.88

76.832 107.5648

Answer: The next three terms are 54.88, 76.832, and 107.5648.

Find the next three terms in the geometric sequence.

64, 48, 36,

Divide the second term by the first.
The common factor is 0.8. Use this information to find the next three terms.

64, 48, 36

27

20.25

15.1875

Answer: The next three terms are 27, 20.25, and 15.1875.

Find the next three terms in each geometric sequence. a. 42, 25.2, 15.12,

Answer: 9.072, 5.4432, 3.26592

b. 100, 250, 625,

Answer: 1562.5, 3906.25, 9765.625

Geography The population of the African country of Liberia was about 2,900,000 in 1999. If the population grows at a rate of about 5% per year, what will the population be in the years 2003, 2004, and 2005? The population is a geometric sequence in which the first term is 2,900,000 and the common ratio is 1.05.

Year

Population

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

2,900,000 2,900,000(1.05) or 3,045,000 3,045,000(1.05) or 3,197,250 3,197,250(1.05) or 3,357,112.5 3,357,112.5(1.05) or 3,524,968.1

2004
2005

3,524,968.1(1.05) or 3,701,216.5
3,701,216.5(1.05) or 3,886,277.3

Answer: The population of Liberia in the years 2003, 2004, and 2005 will be about 3,524,968, 3,701,217, and 3,886,277, respectively.

Geography The population of the Baltic State of Latvia was about 2,500,000 in 1998. If the population grows at a rate of about 2% per year, what will the population be in the years 2003 and 2004?

Answer: about 2,760,202 in 2003 and about 2,815,406 in 2004

Find the eighth term of a geometric sequence in which Formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence

Answer: The eighth term in the sequence is 15,309.

Find the ninth term of a geometric sequence in which

Answer: 786,432

Find the geometric mean in the sequence 7, ___, 112. In the sequence, you must first find r. and To find

Formula for the nth term of a geometric sequence

Divide each side by 7.

Simplify. Take the square root of each side.

If the geometric mean is 7(4) or 28. If the geometric mean is 7(4) or 28.
Answer: The geometric mean is 28 or 28.

Find the geometric mean in the sequence 9, ___, 576. Answer: 72 or 72

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