Cluster Sampling (Edited)

1
Technology Oriented Business Driven Sustainable Development Environmental Friendly

Definition

Cluster sampling denotes methods of sample selection in which the sampling unit
(cluster) may contain one or more POP. units. Each POP. unit belongs to one and
only one cluster or sampling unit.

Example

In many practical census-type problems, the dwellings of a city are the POP. units.
However, for many cities a frame listing of all dwellings simply does not exist, nor is
it economically feasible to obtain or create one. However, city blocks are readily
identifiable from city maps, which are plentiful. The city blocks are clusters and the
city map serves as a frame for the city blocks. A sample of city blocks is taken from
which all or a subset of dwellings from the sampled block (cluster) is obtained.
2
Definition (Single Stage Cluster and Multistage Cluster Sampling)

i)If all units of a selected cluster are included in the final sample than this is called
Single Stage Cluster Sampling.

ii) If a subsample of units is taken from each selected cluster than this is called
Multistage Cluster Sampling or Two-Stage Cluster Sampling.

3
Example

Suppose a sample of n = 400 dwellings of a city with N = 10,000 dwellings is
wanted, listing of the blocks (cluster) is available from a city
map,
but no frame exists for the dwellings.

Method 1: Take a sample of the blocks and sample every dwelling on a
sampled block. This is an example of a single stage cluster sample.

Method 2: Take a sample (20%) of blocks and then take a subsample
(20%) of dwellings on each sampled block. The total sample is
.This is an example of a two-stage cluster sample.

( )
400 1
4%
10,000 25
f = =
4
( )
1 1 1
. 4%
5 5 25
=
1
25
1
5
1
5
Reasons for using Cluster Sampling
1. Survey costs per unit are lower
2. Data collection and field work are generally easier.

Disadvantages

1.Often, the variance is higher.
2.Statistical analysis can be more complicated

Equal-sized Single-Stage Cluster Sampling

A POP consists of N = AB units divided into A equal-sized clusters each with B units.
An SRS of cluster is taken from the POP of A clusters and the attribute y is
measured on each of the B units in the sampled clusters.

5
a

= sampling fraction

let be the obs. in the sampled cluster

= sample total for the cluster

= sample total

= sample mean for the cluster

= sample mean
a
n aB a
f f
N AB A
= = = =
th
h
y h
o
th
o
a
f
A
o
=
1
B
h
n
y y
o
o
=
=
1
1 1
B
a a
h
h
y y y
o
o o
o o
=
= =
= =

y
y
B
o
o
=
1 1
a B
h h
y
y
y
aB aB
o o= =

= =
th
a
th
o
6
= sample cluster unit variance

= sample element unit variance

Note

, if a proportion is sampled; is the proportion of the total sample
possessing attribute y. Hence = 1 or 0 and

1) = total # in Cluster satisfying a criteria and

2)

( )
( )
2
2
2
1 1
2
1
1 1 1
a B
B
a
h
h h
h
y
y
y y
aB
s
aB aB
o
o o
o
= =
=
=

= =

( )
( )
2
2 2
2
1 1
1
1
1
a a
a
y y
s y ay
a
a
o
o
o o = =
= =

=
( )
2
1 s p p = p
n aB =
h
y
o
o
y
h
y
p
aB
o
=
o
7
Statistical Inferences

POP mean:

i)Estimate is :

ii)

iii)100( 1- )% CI for Y is :

POP total : Y

i) Estimate is :

ii)

iii) 100 (1- )% CI for Y is :

Y
1
a
y
y
y
a
aB
o
o=
= =
( )
2
1
a
a
f
se y s
a
=
o ( ) y e s Z y
2
o
o
Ny
Ny
aB
=
( )
( )
2
1

a
fa
se Ny Nse y N s
a
= =
( )
2
Ny Z Nse y
o
8
Question:

How do we compare the efficiency of this type of cluster sampling to SRS?

Solution

Eff =

; (ignoring the fpc)

for cluster sampling
for SRS
( ) y V
( ) y V
2
2
/
/
a
S a
s n
1 /
2 2
> s Bs
a
9
Now the sample size for cluster sampling is . Let be the effective
sample size required for SRS to have the same variance of as cluster sampling.
Hence: or

Proof: EFF=

Note

Usually , since generally EFF >1
n aB = n'
y
n
EFF
n
n aB
n
EFF EFF
=
'
' = =
( )
2 2
2 2
/ /
1
1
/ /
a a
S a S a
n
n n s n s n
n
| |
= =
|
' ' '
\ .
n n ' <
10
Example

A newspaper has N = 39, 800 subscribers. A survey is conducted to determine
how many subscribers own their homes. It is decided to obtain n = 400
subscribers in clusters of 10 subscribers each to save travel time since an
interviewer can obtain 10 interviews in one neighborhood in half a day.

A = 3980 clusters
N= AB= 39800
B = 10 cluster size

Forty random nos. are selected from 1 to 3980 and then all 10 subscribers in a
selected cluster are interviewed. The results of the survey are given below
of home owners in each cluster of 10 households

10, 8, 6, 5, 9, 8, 8, 5, 9, 9, 9,10, 4, 3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 6, 3, 5, 0, 3, 0, 0, 4, 0, 8, 0,
10, 5, 6, 1, 3, 3, 1,5, 5, 4

1263 , 185
40
1
2
40
1
= = =

= = o
o
o
o
y y y
# y
o
=
11
i. Estimate the proportion of subscribers who are homeowners
ii. Estimate the total number of subscribers who are homeowners.
iii. Find a 90% CI for the total number of subscribers who are homeowners.
iv. Calculate the efficiency of the cluster sample to SRS and estimate the sample
size for an SRS to obtain the same estimated variance as does the cluster
sample of size n =400

Solution:

i)

ii) (.4625) = 18408 is the estimate for the total # of homeowners

iii)

n'
185
0.4625
40(10)
y
y
aB
= = =
39,800 N y =
( )
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
a
a
a
y
S y
B a a
o=
=
12

A 90% CI for the total is:-
18408 1.645(2024)
1840 3329.48
2
2
185
1
1263 0.1045
40
10 39
= =
(
(

( ) ( )

1 40/ 3980(.1045)
39800
40
2024
se Ny Nse y =
=
=
13
iv) Since y is an indicator variable, we have

is the SRS sample size required to obtained the same variance as
n = 400 for cluster sampling
p y =
( )
2
2
2
1 0.4625(.5375) .2486
/
.1045/ 40
4.20
/ .2486/ 400
4.00
95
4.20
95
s p p
S a
a
EFF
S n
n
n
EFF
n
= = =
= = =
'
= = =
'
=
14
SINGLE STAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING (UNEQUAL-SIZED CLUSTERS)

Assume the POP has N elements in A clusters, where cluster has size

We shall consider 3 methods of estimating and

Method 1 : Ratio Estimate -

Method 2: Unbiased Estimate -

Method 3: Probability Proportional to size -
o
, B
o
1
A
N B
o
o=
=

Y , Y
r
y
u
y
pps
y
15
In all 3 methods clusters are selected from the A clusters and all units are
sampled from cluster hence

In methods 1 and 2, B
1
, ,B
A
are unknown prior to sampling. The sampled
clusters are an SRS of A clusters (each of the A clusters has an equally-likely
chance of being included in the sample). However, once a cluster is selected, its
size becomes known (usually by fieldwork).

In method 3, B
1
,B
A
are known prior to sampling and cluster has a probability
of being sampled that is proportional to its size, i.e.
a
o
B
, o
1
a
n B
o
o=
=
a
o
B
o
1
...
A
B B
B B N
o o
=
+
16
Notation/Terminology

= cluster sampling rate

= average sample cluster size

= Average POP. cluster size

= sample total for the cluster

= sample grand total

= sample mean for the cluster.
A
a
f
a
=
=
= = + =
a
a
a
B
a
n
b B B n
1
1
; ...
o
o
A
N
B B B N
A
= + + = ; ...
1
=
=
o
o o
B
h
h
y y
1
th
o

= = =
= =
a B
h
h
a
y y y
1 1 1 o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
B
y
y =
th
o
17
Statistical Inference (Ratio Estimate)

i) The ratio estimate of is:

ii)

iii) A CI for is :
Y
= = =
=
o
o
o
o
o o
B
y
n
y
B
y B
y
a
r
1
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
2 2 2
1
2
1
1
2 / 1
1
a
r
a
r
a
r
r r
r
y B y
f
se y
a
a b
y B y
y y B y y B a
a
S
o o
o
o o
o o o o
o
=
=
( = +

)% 1 ( 100 o ( )
r r
y e s Z y
2
o
Y
18
Statistical Inference (Unbiased Estimate)

i) The unbiased estimate of is:

ii)

iii) A 100 CI for is:

Y
aN
Ay
y B
B a
y
a
u
= =

=
o
o
o
1
1
( )
( )
=

=
a
u a
u
a
y B y
B a
f
y e s
1
2
2
1
1
o
o
)% 1 ( o ( )
u u
y e s Z y
2
o
Y
( )
( )
1
1 1
2
2
2
2
1
2
=
a
a
y
y
a
a
y
y
a
y B y
a
a
u
o
o
o
o
19
Statistical Inference : PPS

i. The PPS estimate of is :

ii. .

iii. A 100 CI for is

Note:

a. If B
1
, B
A
are known, then PPS is the recommended procedure since the
cluster total and size are usually correlated.

b. If B
1
, B
A
are unknown, than ratio method is the recommended procedure.
Y

=
=
a
pps
a
y
y
1 o
o
( )
( )
=
1
1
2
a
y y
a
f
y e s
pps
a
pps
o
)% 1 ( a
Y
( )
pps pps
y e s Z y
2
o
o
y
o
B
20
Example

The N = 3510 farms in a district in India are allocated to 90 clusters. An SRS of = 15 clusters of farms is
selected and the number of cattle are determined for each cluster sampled. The summary of the data is:

Cluster No. of Farms No. of Cattle Ave. no. of Cattle
per farm
1 35 418 11.94
2 23 402 16.08
3 48 360 7.50
4 30 394 13.13
5 70 515 7.36
6 55 910 16.55
7 66 600 9.09
8 18 316 17.56
9 30 288 9.60
10 32 350 10.94
11 64 784 12.25
12 24 290 12.08
13 48 795 16.56
14 40 478 11.95
15 82 906 11.05
667 7806 183.64
21
a
i. Estimate the average # of cattle per farm using

a. Ratio estimate
b. Unbiased estimate

ii. Find the of the two methods and also 95% CI for the average # of cattle.

Solution

i. a.

b.

Environmental Friendly Sustainable Development Business Driven Technology Oriented
s e s '
70 . 11
667
7806
15
1
15
1
= = =
=
=
o
o
o
a
r
B
y
y
=
= = =
890 , 759 , 4
34 . 13
) 3510 ( 15
) 7806 ( 90
2
o
y
aN
Ay
y
u
1667 . 0
90
15
47 . 44
15
667
833 , 34
716 , 393
2
= = =
= = =
=
=
A
a
f
a
n
b
B
B y
a
o
o o
22
ii.

95% CI for is: 11.70 1.96 (.8039)
11.70 1.58

= 1.48

95% CI for is :- 13.34 1.96(1.48)
13.34 2.90

( )
( )
8039 . 0
14
156 , 322
47 . 44 15
8333 . 1
2
2
2
=
=
=
r
a
S
b a
f
y e s
Y
( )
14 /
15
7806
475980
90
3510
15
8333 .
1 /
1
2
2
2
2
2
(

|
.
|
\
|
=
=

a
a
y
y
B a
f
y e s
a
a
u
184 . 2 =
Y 23
Example ( Agriculture example)

Solution

cattle/farm

95% CI for is: 12.39 1.96 (0.555)
12.39 1.09
39 . 12
15
89 . 185
15
1
=
= =
a
pps
y y
o
( )
( )
65 . 77
15
89 . 185
32 . 2381
2
2
3
2
= =
=

o
o
o o
y
y y y
PPS
( )
( )
555 . 0
14
65 . 77
15
8333 .
1
1
2
= =
=

a
y y
a
f
y e s
pps
a
pps
o
Y
24
Note:
Method 3 (PPS) produced a standard error = .555 which is smaller than the
standard error observed with the Ratio (.8039) and Unbiased (1.48) Methods. It
is not proper to draw conclusions from one example. However, knowing cluster
sizes in advance yields the probable benefit of a smaller standard error.

Sample Size Determination for Single Stage Cluster Samples: Ratio Method

Q. How large a cluster sample size should one take using the ratio method?

A. The cluster sample size needed to satisfy for the

Ratio Estimation Method of Single Stage Cluster Sampling is given in the table
below:
a
A
V
D
V
a
+
~

| | 1 p d u u o
(
< >

u u
( ) u
e s D V
Y or p
r
y
( )
2
2
1
r
a
s
b a
f
2
r
s
2
2
(
(
o
Z
b d
25
where and

Note

If then of units in Cluster with the attribute and the proportion

of units in cluster with the specified attribute.

Note:

If is unknown, then estimate with if possible.

Example (Income for adult males)

i. Estimate , the average income per adult male in the city and find a 95% CI for

( )
2
2
2 2
2
1
(
(
A Z
d
s s
b a
f
N y N Y
r r r
o
o
( )
=
a
r r
y B y
a
s
1
2 2
1
1
o
o o
( )
2
1
2
1
1
=
A
r
Y B y
A
S
o
o o
p Y =
# =
o
y o
=
o
y
o
2
r
S
2
r
S
2
r
S
Y
Y
26
Environmental Friendly
Sustainable Development Business Driven Technology Oriented
ii. Estimate the total income and find a 95% CI if N = 2500
iii. How large of a sample (of clusters = blocks) is needed to estimate Y to RM1,000,000
with 95% confidence?

Solution

i)

A 95% CI for is :-

8,801.32 1584.77

ii)

A 95% CI for Y is:- 22,003,311.26 3,961,925
260 , 479 , 634 , 04 . 6
25
151
32 . 801 , 8
151
000 , 329 , 1
2
= = =
= =
r
r
s b
y
Y
( )
2
2
) 04 . 6 25
415 / 25 1
96 . 1 32 . 801 , 8
r
s
26 . 311 , 003 , 22
151
000 , 329 , 1
2500 =
|
.
|
\
|
= =
r
y N y
27
iii)

~ 163 or 164

iv)

=208.6 ~ 209 or 210
260 , 479 , 634
2
= =
r
s V
95 . 2374114
96 . 1
) 04 . 6 ( 500
96 . 1
500
2
2
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
Z
B d
D
o
634, 479, 260
162.5
634, 479, 260
2374114.95
415
a ~ =
+
( )
5 . 442 , 511 , 1
415 96 . 1
000 , 000 , 1
2 2
2 /
=
(
=
(
=
A Z
d
D
o
15 . 4
260 , 479 , 634
5 . 442 , 511 , 1
260 , 479 , 634
+
~ a
28
Example (No. of adult males who rent homes)

Solution

i)

95% CI = 0.477 0.046

ii)
2
72
0.477
151
12.729
0.53
24
r
p
s
= =
= =
( )( )
2
32.2
.04 6.04
0.0152
1.96
.53
.53
.0152
415
D
a
= =
~ =
+
(
(

29
30
TWO STAGE CLUSTER SAMPLING

A sample of cluster is obtained. In two-stage cluster sampling a subsample of
units is taken from the total of units in the selected cluster for

Reasons for obtaining a Two-stage Cluster Sample

1. The units of a cluster are so nearly alike that it is unnecessary and even wasteful to obtain
measurements on all units in the cluster. Homogeneity within a cluster is so great that
sampling all units is redundant.

2. In most situations with a fixed sample size, greater precision is obtained if the sample
includes a greater number of clusters with fewer units sampled within each cluster than
those cluster samples where a few clusters are sampled with all units sampled within the
sampled cluster.

3. In some situations it is administratively impossible to obtain a complete sample from a
selected cluster.

4. It allows for greater flexibility.
a
o
b
B
o
th
o 1,..., . a o =
31
How to construct the clusters.

The cluster construction depends on several factors.

1. Geographic proximity of units within a cluster

It is cheaper to construct a frame for a subpop, encompassing a small geographic region like
a block or precinct then for a city itself.

2. Administrative convenience

Utilization of existing geographic entities (blocks-precincts-cities) is more convenient than
devising new or artificial clusters.

3. Cost consideration

Large # of obs. from each of a few large clusters or take a few obs. from each of a large
number of clusters which will cost more?
32

Assume POP has N elements in A clusters where cluster has size

Methods of estimating and

i. Ratio Estimate
ii. Unbiased Estimate
iii. Probability proportional to Size: PPS

In all 3 methods clusters are selected and a sub-sample of of the units in the
sampled cluster is taken for Let
a
: Y Y
a
o
b
B
o th
a
1,...a o =

= cluster sampling rate

= sample total for cluster
a
a
f
A
=
1
b
h
h
y y
o
o
o
=
=
o
1
A
B N B
o
o
o=
=
33
sample mean for cluster
sample variance for cluster
sampling fraction for cluster
y
y
b
o
o
o
=
o
( ) ( )
2
2
1
/ 1
b
h
h
s Y y b
o
o o o o
=
=
o
1
, ,
a
N n
n b B b
A a
o
o=
= = =
b
b
f
B
o
o
o
=
o
34
Statistical Inference

1. Ratio Estimate

Mean

i. The ratio estimate

ii.

iii. 100 % CI for

Ratio cluster Estimate of a Proportion

Let be the proportion of the units in the cluster which possess attribute

of units in cluster which possess attribute
: Y
1
1
a
r a
B y
y
B
o o
o
o
o
=
=
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2 2
1 1
1
1
1
a
r b
r
B y y f
fa fa
V y B
a b
aB a B
o
o o o
o
o o
o
= =
( (

( (
= +
( (
( (

( )
1 o
( )
2
:
r
r
Y y Z se y
o
p
o
b
o
th
o
' '. y
# B p Y
o o o
= = o ' ' y
35
i) The ratio estimate of

ii)

2. Unbiased Estimate

Mean :

i. The estimate is:

1
1
:
a
a
r
B p
p p
B
o o
o
o
c
=
=
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
1
1
1
1 1
a a
r b
r
B p p B f
f
fa
V p p p
aB a a B b
o o o o
o
o o
o o
o
= =

= +

Y
1
1
1
a
u
a
y B y
aB
A
B y
aN
o
o
o
o o
o
=
=
=

=

36
ii.

where average per cluster and

iii A 100 CI for is:-

Note:

1. If is small, then the second term in the variance formula may be dropped.

2. Estimate totals the usual way
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
1 1
1
1
1
a a
u b
u
B y y B f s
f f
V y
a b
aB a B
o o o o o
o o
o o
o
= =

= +

1
a
u
u u
B y
y
a
N
y y
A
o o
o=
= =
=
( ) 1 % o
Y ( )
/ 2
u u
y Z se y
o
a
f
37
Example (Downtime) - refer to handout

1. Use Ratio Estimate:
( )
( )
( )
10
1
10
1
10
2
2
1
10
2
2 1
50 5.40 ... 56(5.00)

50 ... 56
2400.59
4.60
522
1236.57
9
1
21, 990.96
r
r
b
B y
y
B
hrs
B y y
B f
s
b
o o
o
o
o
o o
o o
o
o
o
=
=
=
=
+ +
=
+ +
= =
38
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
10
1
2 2 2
2 2
2
522
52.2
10
1
1236.57 21, 900.96
10
1
10 21990.96
90
1236.57
10 52.2 90 10 52.2
0.049
0.221
r
r
B
N
B
A
fa fa
V y
aB a B
se y
o
o
o
=
= = =
= +
= +
=
= =
Now
39
ii) Use unbiased estimate:

( )
( ) ( ) | |
1
10
1
90
50 5.40 ... 56 5.00 4.80
10 4500
768.38
a
u
u
hrs
A
y B y
aN
B y y
a
o
o
o
o o
o
=
=
+ + =
=

=
40
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
10
2
1
10
10 1
90 90
768.38 21990.96
2 2
4500 4500
2
10 10
90 90
0.037
0.192
1
21,990.96
b
u
u
B f
s
b
V y
se y
o o
o
o
o
=
+
=
=
=
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
Example (Downtime)

Estimate proportion and find its standard error
41
Solution
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
10
1
2
2
10
1
2
10
1
50 .40 ...56(.36)
50 ... 56
176.08
0.34
522
509.49
10 10
1
90 90
18.45 509.49
2 2 2
10 52.2 10 52.2
0.0008
0.028

18.45
1
1
1
1

r
r
b
r
r
B p
p
B
B p p
a
B f
p p
b
V p
se p
o o
o
o
o o
o
o o
o o
o
o
=
=
=
+
+ +
= =
+
=
= =
=
=
42
Note

The estimates for a total Y are :

i. (Ratio)

ii. (Unbiased)

Example

Estimate the total amount of downtime during the last month for all machines owned
by the garment manufacturer in the previous example. Find a 95% CI for this
total. Assume N = 4500

1 1
/
a a
r r
Ny N B y B
o o
o o = =
=
1
a
u
A
Ny B y
a
o o
o=
=
43
Solution

We shall used the unbiased estimate.
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
44 . 1693 31 . 21605
864 96 . 1 31 . 21605
% 95
864 192 . 4500
. 31 . 605 , 21
59 . 2400
10
90
10
1
= = =
=
= =

=
A
y e s N y N e s
hrs
y B
a
A
y N
u u
u o
c
o
Example (American men of Science)
44
Solution

i)Since N and A are assumed unknown, we shall use Ratio Estimate:

Assuming
20
1
20
1
17121.5
47.7
359
r
years
B y
y
B
o o
o
o
o
=
=
=
= =
0
a
f
A
o
=
45
( )
( )
( )
| |
( )
( )
2
2
20
2
1
20
1
1
1
359
20 20
571,300 1 1
2
20 19
359
20
4.67
2.16
95%
47.7 1.96 2.16
47.7 4.2
r
r
r
r
B y y
V y
a
aB
B
N
B
A
V y
se y years
A CI for Y is
o o
o
o o
=
=
= =
=
=
=
| |
|
\ .
46
ii) We shall use unbiased estimate:

( )
( )
( )
20
1
2
20
2
1
2823
(17121.5) 48.3
20(50,000)

1
u
u
years
A
y B y
aN
B y y
V y
aB a
o
o
o
o o
o
=
=
=
=

=
=

( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
20
1
2
2
15,375,020 17121.5 / 20
2
50000
20 19
2823
6.02
/ 20
1
B y B y
aB a
o o o o
o=
| |
|
\ .
47
Note:
( )
( )
20
.008
2823
2.45
48.3 1.96 2.45
4.83 4.8
a
u
f
se y
Y
= =
=
95% CI for is
can comfortably dropped the 2
nd
term in
( )
u
y V
iii) The point estimates of 48.3 and 47.7 are close. The ratio estimate seems slightly
preferable since its CI for is narrower.
Y
48

3. Probability Proportional to Size (PPS)

i. Mean:

the estimate is
Y
1 1
1
a a
pps
B y y
y
aN p a
o o o
o o
o
= =
= =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
a
pps
a
a
a
pps
B
p
N
B y
V y y
a a N p
B y
y
P a
B y
B y p
V y
a a N p a
o
o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o o
o o
=
=
=
(
| |
(
|
(
\ .

(
| |
(
|
(
\ .
(
(
(

=
=
' =
=
49
ii. Total: Y
( ) ( )
1

a
pps
a
pps pps
Ny N y
se Ny Nse y
o
o=
=

=
50
Example (District of 53 villages)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
2
1
397, 631
28402.2
14
/
1
1
1 397, 631
12,817,113,182
14 13 14
1
1, 523, 512, 313 2653.7
14 13
28402.2 1.96 2653.7
28402.2 5201.3
a
pps
pps
B y
Ny N
aN p
B y B y p
Nse y
a a p a
o o
o o
o o o o o
o
=
(
| |
(
|
|
(
\ .

(
(

=
= =
=
=
= =
=
=

51

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