Ratio Estimation (Edited)

1
Technology Oriented Business Driven Sustainable Development Environmental Friendly

Let POP be a population with N elements and assume that two attributes x and y are
measured or are available for each unit.

Assumptions

i x and y are correlated
ii X or is known
iii. = POP total ratio of y to x
= POP mean ratio of y to x
iv. Let be an SRS of size n from
Let and be the sample means for x and y respectively let x and y be
the sample totals.

N
X
X =
X
Y
R =
X Y R / =
1 1
( , ),...,( , ),
n n
x y x y
),..., , (
n n
y x ), , (
N N
y x
x y

= = =
n n N
i i i
x X y y x x
1 1 1
, ,
=
N
i
y Y
1
2
Note
To accomplish the sampling in (iv), take a random sample of n units; then take a pair of
(x,y) measurements on each unit.

Problem: Make statistical inferences for

a) R : POP ratio =

b y mean

c) Y (or T) = POP y total

Definition. The Ratio Estimate for

(a) R is:

(b) is :

(c)Y (or T) is :

= =
X
Y
X
Y
=
POP Y =
x
y
x
y
r = =
Y
X
x
y
X r y
r
= =
X Nr y N
r
=
X
x
y
N
rX
3
Definition:

Where

Definition: (Statistical Inference: RE)

1)POP para : R= POP ratio

Sample Estimate = r= y/x =

Std. Error: , % CI :

( )
=
n
i
i i
r
n
rx y
s
1
2
2
1
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2 2 2
+
=
n
x s r xy rs y s
( )
( )
( )
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
n
i
i
y x xy s
x x s
y y s
=
=
=
=
=
=
1
2
1
2
1
2 2
/ y x
( )
2
2
1
r
S
X n
f
r e s

= 100(1 ) o ( ) r e s Z R
2
o
4
2) POP para : =POP mean

Sample estimate :

100 (1- ) % CI:

3) POP para: Y=POP total

sample estimate :

std. error:

100

Y

r
X
y r X r
N
y
X
x
= =
=
( )
2
1
r r
f
se y S
n
=
o
( )
2
r r
y Z se y
o
r
Ny NrX rX = =
( ) ( )

r r
se Ny Nse y =
2
1
r
f
N S
n
=
( )
r r
y N e s Z y N CI : )% 1 (
2
o
o
5
Example

The POP x of 69 urban areas of Greece are known from a previous census in 1941, the total
POP being X = 1,355,900. Twenty cities are selected at random and their present 1951 y
POP determined.

City X Y City X Y
1 12,200 12,600 11 15,600 22,400
2 29,000 25,700 12 32,300 41,000
3 7,000 10,800 13 15,300 13,100
4 14,100 18,500 14 30,400 29,500
5 49,700 42,100 15 13,900 17,700
6 13,000 14,800 16 62,300 79,000
7 8,700 11,900 17 15,000 17,600
8 19,800 33,800 18 21,700 23,600
9 34,700 36,800 19 9,100 12,900
10 15,100 22,100 20 8,300 12,100
6
N=69
n=20
s (x) =427,600
s (x
2
) =13,169,560,000
651 , 19
69
900 , 355 , 1
= = x
( ) 000 , 500 = y s
( ) 000 , 140 , 411 , 17
2
= y s
( ) 000 , 320 , 883 , 14 = xy s
600 , 427
000 , 500
= =
x
y
r
169 . 1 =
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2
2 2 2
2
+
=
n
x s r xy rs y s
S
r
000 , 158 , 32
19
000 , 000 , 611
= =
7
Goal:

i) Estimate the rate of growth
ii) Estimate the present POP Y
iii) Find a 95% CI for Y

Solution:

i) = Estimate for rate of growth

ii) = 69(1.169)(19.651)
= 1,585,069.311

iii)

95% CI for Y is 1,585,069,311 1.96 (73731.34)
1,585,069.311 144,513.42
169 . 1
= = r R
r
Ny NrX =
( )
( )
34 . 73731
000 , 158 , 32
20
69 / 20 1
69
1
2
=
=
r r
S
n
f
N y N e s
8
Note:

When are the ratio estimates preferable to the single sample estimates and for
and respectively?

Answer:

Let = the POP correlation coefficient of x and y

=

i) If then the ratio estimates are preferable

ii) If CV(x) = CV (y), then the ratio estimates are preferable if

Example

For the POP survey of Grecian cities using ratio estimate, is the ratio estimate preferred to the
total estimate for estimating the total POP of the 69 cities in 1951?
y
y N
Y
Y
( )( ) ( )

= = =

N
i
N
i
i i i
N
i
i
Y y X x Y y X x
1 1
2
2
1
) ( /
,
/
/
2
1
) (
) (
2
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
= >
Y
X
y CV
x CV
y
x
o
o
( ) ( ) y e s y e s
r
<
2
1
>
Ny
9
Solution

An estimate of is = assuming

Hence, we conclude that the ratio estimate is preferred to the estimate

Samples Size Determination in Ratio Sampling

Let be the POP value of .

Assume and are given :

The sample size required to estimate to closeness with confidence
using the ratio estimate is:

( )( )
( ) ( )

= =
=

=
n
i
n
i
i i
n
i
i i
y y x x
y y x x
1 1
2 2
1
,
2
1
943 . > =
) 1951 ( ) 1941 (
) ( ) ( y CV x CV =
y N
( )
2
2
1
1
N
i i
R
i
Y RX
S
N
=
2
r
s
o 1

1 P e u u o
(
s >

n
e
o 1
u
N
D S
D S
n
R
R
2
2
1+
=
u
e
10
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
/
e
Z N
X Nr y N Y
e
Z
X r r y Y
X e
Z
x y r R
D
r
o
o
o
u u
=
=
=

- POP Ratio

- POP Mean

- POP Total

Example (Refer to handout)
Solution

i) The estimate of Y is

Note that: N is not needed to estimate Y
X
x
y
X
x
y
N y N
r
= =
.246
(1800)
.4.35
101.79 lbs
=
=
11
ii)

Assume ~ 1 and since N is unknown we estimate N by

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( )
154 . 3
10
000005812 .
35 . 4
18000
1
0566 .
35 . 4
246 .
000005812 .
9
000052285 .
9 / 9035 . 1 . 0566 . 0 10839 . ) 0566 (. 2 006224 .
1
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
= =
=
= =
=
=
+ =

+
=
r r
r
s
n
f
N y N e s
r
n
x s r xy rs y s
s
N
n N
f

= 1
35 . 4
1800
35 . 4
1800
10
= = N
N
12
Note

A 95% CI for Y is

101.79 (1.96)(3.154)
101.79 6.18 = (95.61, 107.97)

iii)

x
nX
N
x
X
n
N
= =
( )
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
,
1
.000005812
18000
413.8
4.35
4138 1.96
0.000005812
9
42.48
42.48 42.48
42.05
42.48
1.0103
1
4138
43
r
r
R r
r
D N Z
S D
n
S D e
N
S is estimated with s
N is estimates by
s D
n
o
=
=
+
=
=
=
=
= = =
+
~
13
Ratio Estimation in Stratified Random Sampling

For the same reason indicated earlier, it is sometimes advantageous to stratify the POP before
using a ratio estimator. We will assume that we can take a large enough sample of both xs
and ys in each stratum for the variance approximation to work fairly well.

Basically, there are two different methods for constructing estimators of a ratio in stratified
sampling:-

1. Estimate the ratio of to within each stratum and then form a weighted average
of these separate estimates as a single estimate of the POP ratio. The result of this is
called a separate ratio estimator.

2. Estimate by the usual and similarly estimate

3. Then can be used as an estimator of This is called a combined ratio

estimator
strs strs
X Y
strs
Y
strs
y
strs strs
X by x
strs
strs
x
y Y
X
14
Separate Ratio method of .

Combined Ratio method of .

strs
Y
L
L
L L
RS
X
x
y
N
N
X
x
y
N
N
Y
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
= ...
1
1
1 1
( )
( ) ( )

= =

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1
1 1
2
2
1
2
1
1 1
1 1
2
1
1
...
1
n
i
n
i
L
i L i
L L
L L L i i
RS
l
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
Y V
strs
Y
( )
( )
( ) ( )

= =

|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
L
n
i L
i c i
L L
L L L
n
i
i c
RC
strs
strs
RC
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
Y V
X
x
y
Y
1
2
2
1 1
2
1
1 1
1 1
2
1
1
...
1
1
15
Example (refer to handout)

i. Find the separate ratio estimate of and its estimated std. error

ii. Find the combined ratio estimate of and its estimated error.

iii. Compare the procedures.

Solution

No. of strata = 2, i.e.

Company A Company B

strs
Y
strs
Y
8 . 17
10
178
7 . 18
10
187
300 , 16
10
0000 , 1
= =
= =
=
=
=
A
A
A
A
A
x
Y
X
n
N
8 . 7
10
78
6 . 4
10
46
800 , 12
10
5000 , 1
= =
= =
=
=
=
B
B
B
B
B
x
Y
X
n
N
16
i.

and similar calculations for Company B,

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
B
A
n
i B
i B i
B B
B B B
n
i A
i A i
A A
A A A
RS
B
B
B B
A
A
A A
RS
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
Y V
X
x
y
N
N
X
x
y
N
N
Y
1
2
1
2 2
1
1
87 . 9
500 , 1
800 , 12
8 . 7
6 . 4
500 , 2
500 , 1
000 , 1
300 , 16
8 . 17
7 . 18
500 , 2
000 , 1
( )
265 . 31
) 24 . 4 )( 05 . 1 ( 2 ) 066 . 4 ( ) 05 . 1 ( 463 , 4
2
2
10
1
10
1
2 2
10
1
10
1
2 2
=
+ =
+ =

=
i i i A
i
i i A i
y x r x r y x r y
17
( )
( )
( ) 6325 . 0
40 . 0
9
45 . 87
) 10 ( 1500
10 500 , 1
500 , 2
500 , 1
9
26 . 31
) 10 ( 000 , 1
10 000 , 1
500 , 2
000 , 1
45 . 87
2 2
2
10
1
=
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
=
RS
RS
i
i B i
Y e s
Y V
x r y
ii.
( )
24 . 10 76 . 2 48 . 7
) 6 . 4 (
500 , 2
500 , 1
) 7 . 18 (
500 , 2
000 , 1
2
1
= + =
+ =
+ =
=
=
=
B
B
A
A
h
h
h
strs
strs
strs
RC
y
N
N
y
N
N
y
N
N
y
X
x
y
Y
18
80 . 11 68 . 4 12 . 7
) 8 . 7 (
500 , 2
500 , 1
) 8 . 17 (
000 , 2
000 , 1
= + =
+ =
+ =
B
B
A
A
strs
x
N
N
x
n
N
x
( )
( ) ( )
8678 . 0
80 . 11
24 . 10
1 1
13 . 10 ) 64 . 11 (
80 . 11
24 . 10
64 . 11
2500
800 , 12 300 , 16
1
2 2
1
2 2
= = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
= =
=
+
=
+
=

= =
strs
strs
c
n
i B
i c i
B B
B B B
n
i A
i c i
A A
A A A
RC
Rc
B A
x
y
r
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
n
x r y
n N
n N
N
N
Y V
Y
n
X X
X
B A
( )
( )
( )
( ) 02 . 1
04 . 1
56 . 192
25 . 154
1
2
1
2
=
=
=
=
=
=
RC
RC
n
i
i c i
n
i
i c i
Y e s
Y V
x r y
x r y
B
A
19
iii) Comparison of the separate ratio and combined ratio estimators

Estimation type Estimate Std. error
Separate 9.87 0.63
Combined 10.13 1.02

Note

The variances of each can be adjusted accordingly.

Note
If the stratum sizes > 20, use separate ratio estimate. If stratum samples sizes are small or if
within- stratum ratios are equal, then combined ratio estimator may perform better.

( ) ( )
RC RC
RS RS RS RS
Y N Y
Y e s N Y N e s Y N Y
=
= =
20
21

Ratio Estimation (Edited)

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1

Technology Oriented Business Driven Sustainable Development Environmental Friendly

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