FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS

lectures at IGCAR
Lecture-1
by
Dr.C.Jebaraj
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
AU-FRG Institute for CAD/CAM
CEG Campus, Anna University
Chennai-25
jebaraj@annauniv.edu

1. Why CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP.CAx

2. SAFE DESIGN

3. OPTIMUM DESIGN
1. In shape
2. In weight
3. In size
4. In cost




Example of an Optimum Design
2
max
2
wL
PL M + =
Z
M
y
I
M
f y
I
M
f
R
E
y
f
I
M
max max
max
; = = =
= =
Bending formula
BMD
Quadratic
P
w/Length
L
Z-variation
L
d
b
2
6
1
2
3
12
1
bd
d
bd
y
I
Z = = =
STRAIGHT BAR SUBJECTED TO AN AXIAL LOAD
AE
PL
U =
max
L
P
P= applied load
L= length of rod
E= youngs modulus of material
A= area of cross section
dx
AE
Pdx
du
dx
du
E
A
P
E
E
=
=
=
=
c o
c
o
(Elongation of
small segment dx)
AE
PL
U
AE
Pdx
x U
L
L
=
=
=

}
max
AE
Px

) (
0
0
Total elongation
P
dx
Umax
) ( ) ( LINEAR
AE
Px
x U =
STRAIGHT BAR SUBJECTED TO AN AXIAL LOAD.
TAPER ROD SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD
0
log
min
max
0
0
=
=
=
=
}
at x U
L at x U
A(x)
E
P

A(x)E
Pdx
U(x)
L
L
L
P
P
TAPERED ROD SUBJECTED TO AXIAL LOAD
WITH SELF WEIGHT
}
} }
=
= =
+ =
f(x)dx
E

A(x)
(x)dx P
E A(x)E
(x)dx P
U(x)
ht (x) Self weig P Axial Load (x) P Total load
1
1
NOTE:
i. We may not have explicitly integration formulae
ii.The solution is highly complex than a
logarithmic solution.

P
Trapezoidal method (Linear)
h ) ......f f f (f
f f

f(x)dx
n
(

+ + +
+
=
+
}
1 4 3 2
2 1
2
NUMERICAL INTEGRATION
ERROR IS SMALL
L
0
h 0.05L
f(x)
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
n+1
f
n
h 0.1 L
f(x)
SIMPSONS METHOD (QUADRATIC)
Error is small
|
2
...) ( 2
4
2
2
9 7 5 3
8 6 4 2
1
h
f f f f
.....) f f f (f
f f

f (x)dx
N
A
+ + +

+ + + +
+
=
+
}
h 0.1 L
f(x)
Summary
1. In the absence of an explicit integration
formulae available, we accept numerical
integration formulation which is an
approximation only
2. Approximation is improved by
i) Increasing the No of segments
ie., by decreasing h
ii) Increasing the order of polynomial of
requirements.
3. Error is minimized and there is convergence
towards exact solution
Formulation of Problem for Approximation
solution

System L is under equilibrium

Subsystem dx is also under
equilibrium
+ d
P
( )
Adx A d
Adx A d A Fv
o
o o o
+ =
+ + = =

0
0
L
dx
( )
0 ) (
0 ) (
= +
= +
+
A
dx
du
EA
dx
d
Adx A
dx
du
E d
Adx A E d

c
Domain : 0 <x <L
0 ) ( ) ( : . . = +
|
.
|

\
|
x A
dx
du
x EA
dx
d
E D G
BCs : at x=0 , u=0
at x=l , R=P
P
dx
du
EA =
Boundary
value
problem
P
L
Approximate Solution
0 ) ( ) ( : . . = +
|
.
|

\
|
x A
dx
du
x EA
dx
d
E D G
Domain : 0 <x <L
BCs : at x=0 , u=0
at x=l , R=P
1
n
n
x a . .......... x a x a x a x a a
solution roximation be the app u Let
+ + + + + + =
4
4
3
3
2
2 1 0


U
*

U
*

3
3
2
2 1 0
x a x a x a a u
*
+ + + =
Assume,
Apply BCs
2 3 1 2 0
*
| | | a a u + + =
Substituting 2 into 1 we get
0
) : (
) ( 0 ) ( ) (
*
=
= = = +
|
|
.
|

\
|
i
i
da
dR
a x R
RESIDUE x R x A
dx
u d
x EA
dx
d

Should be minimum
2
ILLISTRATIVE PROBLEM
Consider the equation
2
2
X dx
dU
x
dx
d
=
(

in the domain 1< X < 2

With BCs as U(1) =2 and
2
1
2
=
(

= X
dx
dU
X
CONSTRUCTION OF TRIAL FUNCTION
) x ( .......... ) x ( ) x ( ) x (
1 1 0 n n
a a U | | | + + =

2 ) 1 ( .......... ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
1 1 0
= + + =
n n
a a U | | |
if .....n 1,2,3..... i 0 ) 1 ( then 2 ) 1 (
0
= = =
i
| |
2
1
........ ..........
2 2
1
1
2
0
2
=
(

+ +
(

+
(

=
(

= = =
=
X
n
n
X X
X
dx
d
x a
dx
d
x a
dx
d
x
dx
U d
X
| | |
1
if
2
1
2
0
=
(

= X
dx
d
x
|
then

....n 1,2,3..... i 0
2
= =
(

= X
i
dx
d
x
|
Let
2 a a a a (x) U
x a x a x a a (x) U
4 3 2 1
3
4
2
3 2 1
= + + + =
+ + + =

or
4 3 2 1
a a a 2 a =
2
1
) 12a 4a 2(a
dx
U d
X
4 3 2
2 X
= + + =
(

=
2
4 3 2
12a 4a
4
1
a =
Substituting for a
1
& a
2
in the expression for , we have

( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) x a ) x ( a
11 x x 1 x a 3 x 1 x a 1 x
4
1
2 x U
2 2 1 1 0
2
4 3
| | | + + =
+ + + =
( )
( )( )
( )( ) 11 x x 1 x 2
3 x 1 x 1
1 x
4
1
2 0
2
+ =
=
=
|
|
|

It can be easily seen that the above trail function satisfies
the conditions imposed on the boundary. Thus the construction of
trial function is over.
( ) x U
when
WRM APPLICATION
Consider the equation
( )
0
2
2
=
(

x dx
x dU
x
dx
d
Substituting the trial solution
( ) x U
for ( ) x U , this equation is unlikely to be satisfied
( )
0
2
2
=
(

=
x dx
x U d
x
dx
d
This is called as a Residue and is a measure of the error involved.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
2
1
x
2
a 4 3x 3 a 1 x 4
4
1
x R + + =
4 2
3 1
a a
a a
=
=
i.e., the RHS is a non zero function R(X)
i.e R(x)
COLLOCATION METHOD
For all
i
a choose a point
i
x
in the domain and at each such
i
x
force the residual to be exactly zero
i.e R(x
1
) = 0
R(x
2
) = 0
R(x
n
) = 0
The chosen points are called collocation point.
They may be located any where on the boundary or in the domain .
For the present problem we have 2 parameter
Therefore select any two collocation point say


1
a &.
2
a
X
1
=4/3 & X
2
=5/3
Substituting in the expression for R(x) we have
100
97
13
3
8
8
11
4
3
4
2 1
2 1
= +
= +
a a
a a
1
a =2.0993 &
2
a
= -0.356
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 11 x x 1 x 0.356 3 x 1 - x 2.0993 1 x
4
1
2 x U
2
+ + =
therefore
Solving the simultaneous equation
THE SUB- DOMAIN METHOD
For each undetermined parameter
1
a
choose an interval
x A
, in the domain.
Then force average of the residual in the each interval to be zero.
}
=
x1 1
0 R(x)dx
x
1
.
.
.
0 R(x)dx
x
1
x2 2
}
=
}
=
xn n
0 R(x)dx
x
1
}
+1
X 1
i
R(x)dx
x
1
i
X
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
which yields n system of residual equations which can be solved for
1
a
The intervals
i
x are called the sub-domain.
They may chosen in any fashion.
Taking
1
x
= 1< X < 1.5,
2
x
= 1.5 < X <2
}
=
5 . 1
1
0 ) ( dx X R
}
=
2
5 . 1
0 ) ( dx X R
we get
1= 2.5417, 2= -0.4529

LEAST SQUARE METHOD
}
=
2
1
2
0 ) ( dx x R
a
i
o
o
for i. 1,2,3n
( )( )
}
=
2
1
0 / dx a d dR X R
i
i=1,2,3,n
this yield the results
1= 2.3155

2= -0.3816
THE GALERKIN METHOD
For each parameter 1 we required that a weighted
average of R(x) over the entire domain be zero.


( ) x
i
associated with
. a
i
Weighting functions are the trial function
.
.
.
0 dx (x) R(x)
2
1
1
=
}
0 dx (x) R(x)
2
1
i
=
}
this yields
1
= 2.1378

2
= - 0.3477

FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS
lectures at IGCAR
Lecture-2&3
by
Dr.C.Jebaraj
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
AU-FRG Institute for CAD/CAM
CEG Campus, Anna University
Chennai-25
jebaraj@annauniv.edu

Comparison of WRM
Collocation method = R(x) = 0








Ritz method }
= = 0 . ) ( Fdx W x R
}
= = 0 ) (
2
dx
da
dR
x R
i
Sub domain method
}
= = 0 ) ( dx x R
Least square method
0 ) (
0 . ) (
= =
= =
}
}
dx x R
Fdx W x R
i
|
Galerkin method
RITZ VARIATIONAL METHOD (weak formulation)
Staring with equation
( ) ( ) O =
(

in 0 x f
dx
dU
x
dx
d
o
The WR became
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 =
(

)
`

}
dx x f
dx
dU
x
dx
d
x W
Xb
Xa
o
where W(x) = weighing function
( ) ( ) 0 =
}
dx x W x R
ie

( ) ( ) 0 ) ( ) ( =
(

)
`

} }
dx x W x f dx x W
dx
dU
x
dx
d
o
RITZ VARIATIONAL METHOD (contd ..)

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
}
}

=
(

)
`

Xb
Xb
Xb
Xa
Xb
Xa
dx
dx
dW
dx
dU
x
dx
dU
x x W
dx
dx
dU
x
dx
d
x W


o o
o
Integration by parts for first term:
} }
= vdu uv udv
( ) ( ) x U x W o =
( ) x U
In Ritz method we take

where
is specified, as at the boundary, W(x) = 0.
VARATIONAL FORMULATION (case study)
P
L x
dx
du
EA(x)
0 u(0)
=
=
=
X
u
P
The governing equation is
( ) ( ) 0 x A
dx
du
X EA
dx
d
= +
(

0 < X < L
L=300cm
A
1
=80cm
2
A
2
=20cm
2
E=2E7 N/cm
2
= 7.8E-2N/cc
P = 10E5 N
x
L
x
A A A x A 2 . 0 80 )
2 1
(
1
) ( = =
( ) ( ) 0 = +
(

x A
dx
du
X EA
dx
d

( ) ( ) ( )
}
=
)
`

+
(

L
dx x A
dx
du
x EA
dx
d
x w
0
0
The governing equation is

The WR formulation is

where w(x) is the weighting function and
u(x) is the trial solution.

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L P L w P w dx x w x A
dx
dx
dw
dx
du
X EA
L
L
0 0
0
0
+ =
}
}

Since u(0) = 0 (specified),

u w o =
at x = 0 vanishes
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) L Pw dx x w x A dx
dx
dw
dx
du
X EA
L L
=
} }

0 0

Integrating by parts and re-arranging we get

) (
} }
= dv dx x EA c o c c
Strain energy stored
External
work done
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY!!
LHS =
Solution Procedure
, , , i
i
(x) w
j
j

j
a
x a x a x a u(x)
a ) u(
x a x a x a a Let u
3 2 1
3
1
3
3
2
2 1
0
0 0
3
3
2
2 1 0
= =

=
=
+ + =
= =
+ + + =
The Variational Equation
( )
L(w) B(u,w)
Pw(L) A(x)wdx dx
dx
dw
dx
du
x EA
=
} }
+ =
1,2,3 i w
a u
i
3
1 j
j j
= =
=

=
Now substituting
| |{ } | |
i i
i i
i
j
j
j
r a K
L P dx x A dx
dx
d
dx
d
x EA a
=
+ =
}

}
=
) ( ) ( . . ) (
3
1
| |
|
|
( )
}
=
L
i
j
ij
dx
dx
d
dx
d
x EA k
0
|
|
( ) ( ) ) (
0
L P dx x x A r
i
L
i i
| | o + =
}
3
3
2
2
1
x
x
x
=
=
=
|
|
|
2
3
2
1
3
2
1
x
dx
d
x
dx
d
dx
d
=
=
=
|
|
|
( )
}
=
300
0
1 1
11
dx
dx
d
dx
d
x EA k
= E(80-0.2x) .1.1 dx
=1.5x10
4
E
( )
}
= dx
dx
d
dx
d
x EA k
2 1
12
| |
= E(80-0.2x) .1. 2x dx
= 3.6x10
6
E
( ) dx
dx
d
dx
d
x EA k
3 1
13
| |
=
= E ( 80 - 0.2 x) .1. 3x
2
dx
= 9.45 x 10
8
E
Similarly k21=..
k22=
.
.
k33=
( )
5
1 1
10 3773 . 1 2 . 0 80 ) ( = = =
} }
dx x x dx x A r |
( )
7 2
2 2
10 4 . 2 2 . 0 80 ) ( = = =
} }
dx x x dx x A r |
( )
9 3
3 3
10 598 . 4 2 . 0 80 ) ( = = =
} }
dx x x dx x A r |
x PL (L) P P
7
10 3
1 1
= = =
10 x 9 L ) (
9 2
2 2
= = = P L P P |
10 27
11 3
3 3
x PL (L) P P = = =

+
+
+
=

(
(
(

11 9
9 7
7 5
3
2
1
14 11 8
11 9 6
8 6 4
10 x 27 10 x 4.598
10 x 9 10 x 2.4
10 x 3 10 x .37 1

10 x 1.322 10 x 3.88 10 x 9.45
10 x 2.88 10 x 1.2 10 x 3.6
10 x 9.45 10 x 3.6 x10 5 . 1
a
a
a
On solving
a
1
= 6.6762 x 10
-5
a
2
= -4.946 x 10
-8
a
3
= 6.4736 x 10
-10
U(x) = a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
3
U(X=300) = u
L
= a
1
(300) + a
2
(300)
2
+ a
3
(300)
3
= 0.033056 cm
But Exact Value is 0.0378 cm.
L
U(x)
0.0378
10
Th
Order
0
6
Th

Order
0.03306
CONVERGENCE STUDY-p refinement
increasing the order of approximate polynomial
NODAL APPROXIMATION METHOD
he
i j
e
B
e
(u,w) = L
e
(w)
( ) ( )
e
he he
e
e
e e
Pi wdx x A dx
dx
dw
dx
du
X A E + =
} }
0 0

U
e
= a
0
+ a
1
x

= <1 x>
)
`

1
0
a
a

( ) ( )
he
x
A A A x A
j i i
=
U
i
= <1 0>
)
`

1
0
a
a

U
j
= <1 he>
)
`

1
0
a
a

)
`

=
)
`

1
0
1
0 1
a
a
he
U
U
j
i
)
`

=
)
`

j
i
U
U
he a
a
1
1
0
1
0 1
.
1

1
0 1
1
)
`

> =<

j
i
U
U
he
x U
)
`

> =<
j
i
U
U
he
x
he
x
1

=
=
2
1 j
j j
N u |
1,2 i , = =
i
N w
.
he
x
N ,
he
x
N = =
2 1
1
;
1
,
1
2 1
he dx
dN
he dx
dN
= =
( ) ( )
he
x
A A A x A
j i i
=
Characteristic of shape function
he
x
N =1
1
he
x
N =
2
N
1
N
2
N
1
= 1 at x=0
N
1
=0 at x=he
N
2
= 0 at x=0
N
2
= 1 at x=he
N
1
+N
2
=1
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
=
}
}
2

1 1
.
. ) (
2 1
2 1
1
he
0
1 1
11
A A
he
E
dx
he he he
A A
A E
dx
dx
dN
dx
dN
x EA k
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

= =
}
2

1 1
.
2 1
2 1
1 21 12
A A
he
E
dx
he he he
A A
A E k k
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
2
2 1
22
A A
he
E
k
| |
(

+
=
1 1
1 1
2
2 1
A A
he
E
k
e
1 2 1
1
0
2 1
1 1
6 3
1
P
he
A
he
A
P dx
he
x
he
A A
A r
he
+
)
`

+ =
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
}

1
2
0
2
3 6
P
he
A
he
A
P dx
he
x
he
A A
A r
j i
he
j i
i
+
)
`

+ =
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
}

On substituting the value

(

=
(

70 70
70 70
100
1
E
k
)
`

=
(

0
6
200
6
220
100
1
R
r

For element 2
(

=
(

50 50
50 50
100
2
E
k
)
`

=
(

O
O
r
6
140
6
160
100
2

For element 3
(

=
(

30 30
30 30
100
3
E
k
)
`

=
(

P
O
r
6
80
6
100
100
3

On assembling
(
(
(
(
(

3
2
1
k
k
k

4
3
2
1
u
u
u
u
r
1
r
2
r
3
=

(
(
(
(

+
+

4
3
2
1
30 30
30 30 50 50
50 50 70 70
70 70
100
U
U
U
U
E
X

+
+
=
6
80
6
100
6
140
6
160
6
200
6
220
100

+
P
R
0
0

(
(
(
(

4
3
2
1
30 30
30 80 50
50 120 70
70 70
100
U
U
U
U
E
X

=
6
80
6
240
6
360
6
220
100

+
P
R
0
0

Appling Global boundary condition U
1
= 0

(
(
(

P
O
O
U
U
U
E
80
240
360
6
100
30 30
30 80 50
50 120
100
4
3
2

U
4
= 0.0355,
U
3
= 0.0188,
U
2
= 0.0088.
U
max
exact = 0.0378
CONVERGENCE STUDY- h improvement
increasing No of element
L
0.0378
L
0
0.0355
3 element
6 element
10 element
U(x)
L
U(x)
0.0378
10
Th
Order
0
6
Th

Order
0.03306
Comparison of refinement
L
0.0378
L
EXACT
0
0.0355
3 element
6 element
10 element
U(x)
Comparison of refinement (contd)
FINITE ELEMENTS ANALYSIS
lectures at IGCAR
Lecture-4
by
Dr.C.Jebaraj
Professor of Mechanical Engineering
AU-FRG Institute for CAD/CAM
CEG Campus, Anna University
Chennai-25
jebaraj@annauniv.edu

HEAT TRANSFER BY
CONDUCTION & CONVECTION
Heat transfer Problems using FEM
K=conductivity
coeff..
h=convection coeff
T

= Ambient Temp
P= Perimeter
A=area of cross
section

Heat transfer by Heat conduction and convection
Temperature variation
Type-III
Type-II conduction + convection
(Non linear)
Type-I conduction only (linear)
Type-III conduction + convection Type-I
0
L
T
e
m
p

(Natural)
(Forced)
T
o
Type-II
Thermal Equilibrium
Thermal equilibrium of small segment dx
q + dq q
dx
Heat in = Heat out
) ( ) (

+ + = T T hPdx A dq q qA
flux heat
dx
dT
K q = =
0 ) ( ) (
) ( 0
= +
= =

T T dx hP
dx
dT
KA d
T T dx hP dqA
dx by 0 ) ( ) ( = +

T T hP
dx
dT
KA
dx
d
q + dq q
dx
MATHEMATICAL FORUMULATION
0 ) ( ) ( = +

T T hP
dx
dT
KA
dx
d
0 < X < L
@ x = 0, T=T
O

@ x=L,
) (

= T T hA
dx
dT
KA
BCs:
If the end is open to
atmosphere
0 =
dx
dT
KA If the end is insulated
GDE:
DOMAIN:
Approximate Solution Procedure
Let the App solution be, T* = a
0
+ a
1
x + a
2
x
2
+ a
3
x
3
Apply B.Cs and get
2 3 1 2 0
*
| | | a a T + + =
Substituting in to GDE
*
T
RESIDUE x R T T hP
dx
T d
KA
dx
d
= = = +

) ( 0 ) ( ) (
*
*
Minimisation of residue by RITZ METHOD
RITZ FORMULATION
}
= 0 . ) ( dx F W x R
Let (x) be the weighting function
}
=
(

+

0 ) ( ) ( ) ( dx x T T hP
dx
dT
KA
dx
d

} } }
= +

0 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( dx x hPT dx x hPT dx x
dx
dT
KA
dx
d


Integration by parts
} }
= vdu uv udv
dv
u
RITZ FORMULATION cont.
0 ) ( ) (
). (
= +
+
} }
} }

dx x hPT dx x hPT
dx
dx
d
dx
dT
KA
dx
dT
KA x

On re-arranging
L
dx
dT
KA x dx x hPT
dx x hPT dx
dx
d
dx
dT
KA
0
) ( ) (
) (

+ =
+
}
}

0
). ( ). ( ) (
) (
= =

+ =
+
}
} }
x L x
dx
dT
KA x
dx
dT
KA x dx x hPT
dx x hPT dx
dx
d
dx
dT
KA

) ( ) , ( L T B =
3
3
2
2 0
1
x a x a x a a T
*
+ + + =
Q ) (
) (
=
+
}
} }

dx x hPT
dx x hPT dx
dx
d
dx
dT
KA

A
3 2 1 , , j
j
= =
On applying eqn B into eqn A we get
e
j
e e
he
i
e e
he
j
i
e e
i
Q dx A T h
dx x T P h dx
dx
d
dx
d
A K a
=
(

+
}
} }

|
|
|
|

) (
0 0
; a T
i
i i
*

=
=
3
1
B
| |{ } { }
i i
r a K =
Where i=1,2,3 & j=1,2,3 and we can calculate K
ij

and similarly r
i
RITZ Equation for a Finite element
O
he
I J
e
) ( ) , (
e e
L T B =
( )
( )
}
} }
=
+

he
e e e
he
e e e
e
he
e e
Q dx x T A h
dx x T p h dx
dx
d
dx
dT
A K
0
0 0

Let T* be the approximate solution for the

element
e +1
e
T
o
e -1
e -1
I J
e +1
J I
e
J I
> =< + = x x a a T
*
1
1 0
)
`

1
0
a
a
)
`

J
I
T
T
T should be expressed in term of
nodal variables

e
J I
0 he
he a a he, T x
a a , T @ x
J
I
1 0
1 0

0 0
+ = =
+ = =
e
Putting it in matrix form
)
`

=
)
`

1
0
1
0 1
a
a
he T
T
J
I
)
`

=
)
`

J
I
T
T
he a
a
1
1
0
1
0 1

)
`

> =<

J
I
T
T
he
T
1
*
1
0 1
x 1
)
`

> =<
J
I
T
T
he
x
he
x
1
)
`

> =<
J
I
J I
T
T
N N
matrix form cont
> =< + = x x a a T
*
1
1 0
)
`

1
0
a
a
( ) 3 2 1
2
1
, , i N x f unction weighting
T
T
re q whe q N T
i
J
I
j
j
j j
*
= =
)
`

= =

=
II
( )
( )
}
} }
=
+

he
e e e
he
e
e e
e
he
e e
Q dx x T A h
dx x T p h dx
dx
d
dx
dT
A K
0
0
*
0

I
Repeating the RITZ Eqn. I have
On substituting II in I
}
} }

=
=
(

+
he
i
e e
he
i j
e e
i
j
he
e e
j
j
dx N T P h
dx N N p h dx
dx
dN
dx
dN
A K q
0
0 0
2
1

; ; 1 2 1 2 1
2 1
he
x
N
he
x
- ; N , ; j , i = = = =
} }
+ =
he
e e
he
e e
dx N N P h dx
dx
dN
dx
dN
A K K
0
1 1
1 1
0
11
} }
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

=
he
e e
he
e e
dx
he
x
he
x
P h dx
he he
A K
0 0
1 1
1

1

3
he
hP
he
KA
+ =
} }
+ =
he he
dx N hPN dx
dx
dN
dx
dN
KA K
0
2 1
2 1
0
12
} }
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
he he
dx
he
x
he
x
hP dx
he he
KA
0 0
1
1

1

12 21
6
K K
he
hP
he
KA
=
+ =
3
22
he
hP
he
KA
K + =
| |
(

+
(

=
2 1
1 2
6 1 1
1 1
he
hP
he
KA
K
e
dx N hPT r
ly
}

=
1 1
lll
}

=
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
1
he
hPT dx
he
x
hPT
2
2 2
he
hPT dx N hPT r

}
= =
{ }
)
`

=

1
1
2
he
hPT r
e
| | { }
e
J
I
e
r
T
T
K =
)
`

)
`

=
)
`

+
(

1
1
2 2 1
1 2
6 1 1
1 1
he
hPT
T
T
he
hP
he
KA
J
I
On Appling the element stiffness matrix and load
vectors and introducing the continuity condition
we get
(
(
(
(
(

3
2
1
k
k
k

4
3
2
1
T
T
T
T
2
1
r
r
2
1
r
r
2
1
r
r
=
On applying the BCs and solving for the
remaining system of equations we get the nodal
values
ILLUSTRATION BROBLEM
80
O
C
8 cm
1 cm
4cm
K = 3 w/cm
0
c
h = 0.1 w/cm
2

0
c
T

= 20
0
c
5
1 2 3 4
4
2 1 3
Let the element be of equal length he = 2 cm
L
T
0

BCs at x = 0 ,T(0) =T
0

at x = L ,
( )

= T T hA
dx
dT
KA
b
conduction = convection loss
The element matrices are
| |
(

+
(

+
(

=
hA
he hP
he
KA
K
e
0
0 0
2 1
1 2
6

1 1
1 1
| |
)
`

+
)
`

T hA
T he hP
f
e

0
1
1
2

The element matrices for ELEMENT 1, 2 & 3 are
| | { }
)
`

=
(

=
20
20
;
666 . 6 667 . 5
667 . 5 666 . 6
e e
f K
The element matrices for ELEMENT 4 is

| | { }
)
`

=
(

=
28
20
;
066 . 7 667 . 5
667 . 5 666 . 6
e e
f K
The assemblies of the element matrices are

(
(
(
(
(
(

28
40
40
40
20
006 . 7 667 . 5 0 0 0
667 . 5 337 . 13 667 . 5 0 0
0 667 . 5 33 . 13 667 . 5 0
0 0 667 . 5 333 . 13 667 . 5
0 0 0 667 . 5 667 . 6
5
4
3
2
1
T
T
T
T
T
Appling the boundary condition T
1
= 80
o
C

( )

+
=

(
(
(
(

28
40
40
80 667 . 5 40
006 . 7 667 . 5 0 0
667 . 5 333 . 13 667 . 5 0
0 667 . 5 333 . 13 667 . 5
0 0 667 . 5 337 . 13
5
4
3
2
T
T
T
T

{ } > =< 3 . 30 8 . 32 9 . 39 9 . 53 80 T
Exact solution is
{ } > =< 6 . 30 2 . 33 2 . 40 3 . 54 80 T
1-D solid mechanics problem
( ) ( ) 0 : = +
|
.
|

\
|
x rA
dx
dy
x EA
dx
d
GDE
U = Displacement is the variable
II order diff eqn
problem
1-D Heat transfer problem
( ) 0 : = +
|
.
|

\
|

T T hP
dx
dT
KA
dx
d
GDE
T = Temperature is the variable
II order diff eqn problem
1-D Fluid Mechanic problem
0 : = +
|
.
|

\
|
Q
dx
d
K
dx
d
GDE
XX
|
II order diff eqn problem
= Fluid head is the variable
1-D Electro magnetic problem
v = Electric potential is the variable
II order diff eqn problem
0 : = +
|
.
|

\
|
e
dx
dv
dx
d
GDE
General II order Differential eqn is
( ) ) (x f
dx
d
x
dx
d
= +
|
.
|

\
|
||
|
o
Where
= Variable
(x) = property associated with the DERIVATIVE of the
variable
= Property associated with the variable
f(x) = Load term- not at all associated with the variable
Description Heat
transfers
Equation




















= Variable
T=Temp
(x) = property
associated with
the DERIVATIVE
of the variable.
K= Thermal
condv..
= Property
associated with
the variable
h = convec
co-eff
f(x) = Load not
at all associated
with the variable
hPT

( ) 0 T T hP
dx
dt
KA
dx
d
: GDE
= +
|
.
|

\
|

Description Solid
mechanic
Equation










= Variable
U=axial
displacement
(x) = property
associated with
the DERIVATIVE
of the variable.
E=youngs
modulus
= Property
associated with
the variable
0
f(x) = Load not
at all associated
with the variable
rA(x)
( )
( ) 0 x rA
dx
dy
x EA
dx
d
: GDE
= +
|
.
|

\
|
Description Fluid
mechanic
Equation








0 Q
dx
d
K
dx
d
: GDE
XX
= +
|
.
|

\
|
f(x) = Load not
at all associated
with the variable
Q=volume of flow
rate
= Property
associated with
the variable
h = convec co-eff
(x) = property
associated with
the DERIVATIVE
of the variable.
Kxx= Permeability
Co-eff
= Variable
=fluid head
Description Electro
magnetic
Equation













0 : = +
|
.
|

\
|
e
dx
dv
dx
d
GDE
= Variable
V=Electric
potential
= Property
associated with
the variable
0
(x) = property
associated with
the DERIVATIVE
of the variable.
permissivity
e=
f(x) = Load not
at all associated
with the variable
=Volume
charge
Density
Description Heat
transfers
= Variable

(x) = property
associated with
the DERIVATIVE
of the variable.

= Property
associated with
the variable

f(x) = Load not
at all associated
with the variable
T=Temp


K= Thermal
condv..



h = convec
co-eff


hPT

Solid
mechanic
U=axial
displacement

E=youngs
modulus



0



rA(x)
Fluid
mechanic
=fluid head


Kxx=
Permeability
Co-eff


h = convec co-
eff



Q=volume of
flow rate

Electro
magnetic
V=Electric
potential


permissivi
ty


0


=Volume
charge
Density


e=