Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
0 ECOLOGY
Contents:
Introduction to ecology Ecosystem concept Energy flow Biogeochemical cycles Biodiversity: conservation and management
Introduction to ecology
Ecology :
study of the interactions among organisms, between organisms and their physical environment
Ba ic ter! in ecology
!iche "abitat Organism #opulation Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere
Nic"e
!iche is the status or role of an organism in its habitat$environment
Eg :
%eeding behaviours
aphid and caterpillar aphid suc& the plant saps caterpillar eats the leaf
#a$itat
'he place in which an organism lives
Organi !
systems wor&ing together with far greater precision and comple(ity ma&e up the comple( living organism
~ Individuals of the same type of organism living together are called a %o%ulation
All the different species that live in a place are called a community Eg: forest community
oMajor terrestrial ecosystems, called biomes oClimate controlled group of plants & animals in the wide area
Bio!e
All of the communities of living things on Earth are organi!ed into the biosphere
De)inition according to Odu! *1+,+ "he basic functional unit of nature including both organisms and their non# living environment interacting with the other and influencing each other$s
Po u$'tion
(io&i)"#sity
BIOTIC COMPONENT
1* Autot#o !+ #o&uc"#
Autotroph %producers& ' manufacture organic food from inorganic substances from environment
(n terrestrial ecosystems# green plants (n a)uatic ecosystems ' phytoplan*ton %algae & blue green bacteria&
,* H"t"#ot#o !+consum"# # +rganisms that cannot synthesi!e their own food from inorganic materials # +btain organic nutrients by ,
-erbivores Carnivores
Omnivores Detritivores
A* HERBI-ORE
S"con&'#y+t"#ti'#y consum"#s. .redators # An animal that feeds on other animal/ flesh# eater 0cavengers ' which usually eat what is left by the predators %eg 1 vultures&
C* OMNI-ORE
0* 0ETRITI-ORE
An organism (such as an earthworm or crab) Feed; small fragments of dead organisms waste matter of animals and plants. Also called detritus feeder.
3* 0ECOMPOSER
Also called saprophyte 0ecrete digestive en!ymes onto dead or waste material & absorb the products
2ungi
/i* COMPETITION
occurs when two or more individuals re)uire the same resource that is in short supply Can occur among members of the same species or different species
COMPETITION
same species; intraspecific competition different species; interspecific competition.
/iii* PRE0ATION
community interaction where one species %predators&, eats another %prey& (ncludes / animal interactions and animal plant interactions
)*+BIO'IC
, CO++O! '*#E) O% )*+BIO'IC -E./'IO!)"I# /-E :
a0 +utualism b0 #arasitism c0 Commensalisms
)ymbiosis:
Individual of 1 or more sp live in direct with one another
"armful, helpful, neutral
a- 'UTU0LI&'
Biological interaction between two organisms, where each individual derives benefit to each other E g : "ummingbird drin&ing from Dianthus , lichen
a- 'UTU0LI&'
/nemones provide the fish with protection from predators 2which cannot tolerate the stings of the anemone3s tentacles0 and the fish defend the anemones against butterfly fish which eat anemones
(* PARASITISME
Close association between two living organisms of different species which beneficial to one %parasite& & harmful to other %host&
$- (0R0&ITI&'E
Can divided in 3 types 1 4 !ndoparasites
3 !ctoparasites
c0 Commensalisme
"he relationship between two species/ one species got benefit from the relationship & the second species is unaffected by it Eg 1 host tree & epiphytes
c0 Commensalisme
Eg :Barnacles