Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Computer
Computer is an automatic electronic device that takes data and programs as input, process data according to programs, and give out the result (output). Input Processing Output

Data Processing Cycle

Sometimes output is again used as an input for another processing Then it becomes a cycle called data processing cycle

Computers are used in almost all fields of life. For example, data processing, machine controls, multimedia, robotics etc.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Computer

In a computer there is not any single part called the "computer." A computer is a system of many parts working together. A laptop has similar parts but combines them into a single notebooksized package.
Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath your desk. Inside this box are many electronic components that process information. The most important of these components is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Others are RAM, ROM, H/D, CD-ROM and many more.

System Unit (It is not the CPU)

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Computer
Hardware
The physical parts, which you can see and touch, are collectively called hardware.

Software
Software refers to the instructions, or programs, that tell the hardware what to do.

Peripheral devices
Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or device.

Modem
To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem. A modem is a device that sends and receives computer information over a telephone line or high-speed cable. Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-speed modems are usually separate components.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Computer
Port
Port serves as an interface between the computer and other computers or peripheral devices. Port is a specialized outlet to which a plug or cable connects. Peripheral devices connect to the system unit using cables. The cables plug into specific ports on the back of the system unit.

Most motherboards have the following connectors:

A serial port, for connecting old peripherals. A parallel port, mainly for connecting old printers. USB ports for connecting more recent peripherals. RJ45 connector (called LAN or Ethernet port) used for connecting the computer to a network. VGA connector for connecting a monitor. This connector interfaces with the built-in graphics card. Audio plugs for connecting sound speakers or a hi-fi system, as well as a microphone. It interfaces with the built-in sound card.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Motherboard (Mainboard) components and devices

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Motherboard explained

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Laptop motherboard

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Computer
A computer is a stored program machine designed to automatically carry out a sequence of arithmetic or logical operations. The sequence of operations can be changed, allowing the computer to solve more than one kind of problem. A computer consists of some form of memory, at least one element that carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit that can change the order of operations based on the information that is stored. Peripheral devices allow information to be entered from an external source, and allow the results of operations to be sent out. The interface between the computer and the human operator is known as the user interface.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Computer
A computer's processing unit executes series of instructions that make it read, manipulate and then store data. The first electronic digital computers were developed in the mid20th century (19401945). Originally, they were the size of a large room. Modern computers based on integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are small enough to fit into mobile devices, and mobile computers can be powered by small batteries. However, the embedded computers found in many devices from mp3 players to fighter aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are the most numerous.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Information Technology (IT)

Information Technology (IT) is concerned with technology to treat information. The acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a combination of computing and telecommunications devices. The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review Some of the modern and emerging fields of Information technology are next generation web technologies, bioinformatics, cloud computing, global information systems, large scale knowledge bases, etc. Advancements are mainly driven in the field of computer science.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Data and Information

Data is considered as raw facts and figures that cannot be used in decision making process Information is the processed and/or formatted form of data that can help in decision making It means that raw data is processed and presented in an understandable format then it becomes information which can be a useful to get knowledge and take some action based on that knowledge Example Data: 23 ali 39 52 akram bilal 58 47 84 This data is not in the form to convey any information or to get knowledge from it. It does not tell what these name and numbers mean and what is their relation. Now we process this data and present in a meaningful format Information: Rno Name____ Marks 23 Akram 52 47 Bilal 84 39 Ali 58

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.1 Computers and IT

Data and Information

Raw data is given structure and then is called information. Understanding this information is then called knowledge, which leads to an information ladder. The information ladder is a diagram created by education professor Norman Longworth to describe the stages in human learning. According to the ladder, a learner moves through the following progression to construct "wisdom from "data:
Data Information Knowledge Understanding Insight Wisdom

Whereas the first two steps can be scientifically exactly defined, the upper parts belong to the domain of psychology and philosophy. The related model in information science is referred to as DIKW Hierarchy.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.2 Algorithm and computing

Algorithm (Latin form of Al-Khwrizm) and computing

There is no generally accepted formal definition of "algorithm," an informal definition could be "a set of rules that precisely defines a sequence of operations. In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm is a step-by-step procedure for calculations. Algorithms are used for calculation, data processing, and automated reasoning. More precisely, an algorithm is an effective method expressed as a finite number of well-defined instructions for solving a problem. Starting from an initial state and initial input (perhaps empty), the instructions describe a computation that, when executed, will proceed through a finite number of well-defined successive states, eventually producing "output and terminating at a final ending state.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.2 Algorithm and computing

Algorithm and computing

Algorithm is a step by step process to solve a problem Every step should be finite, atomic, and effective The name Algorithm taken from a Muslim scientist Al-Khuwarzmi Written in less formal English like language Needs to be written in a programming language to execute Easy to write a high level language program using algorithm

Algorithm should describe all input, output and processing steps

Algorithm Example
Real World Problem: Calculate your two childrens allowances, based upon 75 cents per year old. Known Values Rate = 75 cents per year Inputs Ages of children Calculations Allowance = Age x Rate Outputs Allowances for each child

Algorithm Example
Algorithm Allowance:
PROMPT for Age of Child1 READ Age of Child1 PROMPT for Age of Child2 READ Age of Child2 CALCULATE Allowance for Child1 = Age of Child1 x Rate CALCULATE Allowance for Child2 = Age of Child2 x Rate DISPLAY Allowance for Child1 DISPLAY Allowance for Child2

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

Components of a computer system

Input
Using input devices computer accepts information from outside world (from human, machines etc) Example of input devices: Keyboard, Mouse, card reader etc. Using output devices computer sends information to the outside world (to human, machines etc) Examples of output devices: Monitor, printer etc. Attached to System Unit via Device Controller and use Device Driver Central Processing Unit (CPU) or Processor is also called the brain of computer It decodes and executes all the instructions CPU mainly consists of an Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) and Control Unit (CU) CU decodes the instructions and execute them by sending signals to all other involved components including ALU, memory, and peripherals. ALU performs arithmetic and logic calculations

Output

I/O Devices Processing

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

Processor

The processor is the "brain" of the computer system. Main processor is called the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
A particular computer will have a particular type of processor

Co-processors assist the CPU with some of the processing functions. Examples:
Graphics Math co-processors handle heavy duty math processing

coprocessors speed up the display of graphics onto the monitor

CPU controls all other devices

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

Processor
CPU is a silicon chip that contains millions of tiny electrical components Three main parts of CPU are ALU, CU, and Registers

Arithmetic / Logic Unit

Performs calculations and decisions Coordinates processing steps Small, fast storage areas for instructions and data

Control Unit

Registers

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

Processor registers
Registers are small, fast memory within the CPU Different registers hold different things

instructions and addresses of instructions

data (operands) results of operations Special Purpose Registers contain specific information the CPU needs. Instruction Register (IR) contains the actual instruction which is currently being executed by the CPU. The Program Counter (PC) contains the address of the next instruction to be executed by the program.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

Processor registers

General Purpose Registers hold:

the operands for arithmetic and logical operations (ie. the values on which the operation will be performed) the results of such operations

So General Purpose Registers are used for holding and manipulating data used by the CPU

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

CPU Buses
Every device i.e., memory, I/O has a unique address, CPU knows devices by these addresses Grouping of lines for transferring data, address, or command signals is called bus Address bus points to the given address, data bus transfers data, control bus sends read/write or other signal CPU puts address on address bus and address decoder finds it Capability of CPU is determined by address bus and data bus More address bus lines mean more addressable memory locations More data bus lines mean more data transfer at a time Data bus is bi-directional, others are uni-directional More bus lines (increase speed, but also increase cost) For n address lines, addressable location/devices = 2n

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

Memory and storage types

Storage types in computer: Primary memory or RAM (Random Access Memory) ) in contrast to sequential access
Temporary memory called volatile, erased when turn off computer Every running program and current data must be brought into RAM Provides data to CPU at fast, Faster than hard disk etc Help CPU by pre-fetching programs in memory

Secondary storage devices (H/D, CD, Floppy, Tape etc)

Large storage capacity, but slow devices Store programs and data permanently until deleted

ROM (Read Only Memory)

It is permanent storage device, user cannot delete data Stores programs that are used for starting computer (booting), tables of character patterns to be displayed , Device testing and memory management programs etc BIOS (Basic Input Output System), Also called system BIOS or ROM BIOS.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.3 Components of computer system

Units of Information
Bit (Binary digit) can be a zero or one Nibble (4 bits or half byte) Byte (8 bits), Word (Normally 16 bits or 2 bytes) Kilo Byte, KB (1024 bytes or 210 bytes) Mega Byte, MB (1024 KB or 220 bytes) Giga Byte, GB (1024 MB or 230 bytes), TB (Tera Byte), EB (Exa Byte), PB (Peta Byte)

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.4 Numbering system

Venn Diagram (John Venn)

John Venn (4 August 1834 4 April 1923) a British logician and philosopher.

He is famous for introducing the Venn diagram, which is used in many fields, including set theory, probability, logic, statistics, and computer science.

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.4 Numbering system

Venn Diagram
Intersection Absolute complement Union

Relative complement

Symmetric Difference

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.4 Numbering system

Venn Diagram examples

Truth table Five-set Venn diagram Edwards Venn diagram

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.4 Numbering system

Make a Venn diagram for A +(BC) is equivalent to AU(B-C)

BC

A+(BC)

Computer Systems

2. Introduction to computing

2.4 Numbering system

Venn Diagram example

50 students took exams 38 Students passed CS course 33 Students passed C course 39 Students passed IT course 24 students passed CS & C both 25 students passed C & IT both 29 students passed CS & IT both 17 students passed all the 3 courses How many students did not pass any course? How many students passed exactly two courses? How many students passed only one course? How many students passed CS or C but not IT? What is the probability of passing IT who passed CS course?