UMTS Network Systems Overview Day 2

UMTS Network Systems Overview
Day 2
U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview
Day 2 Introductory Session
Locator Slide
Introductory Session 1st and 2nd Generation Cellular
Systems Overview
3rd Generation Drivers and

Standards
CDMA Mobile Technology

Overview
UMTS Architecture Overview UMTS Air Interface Day 1 Roundup
Day 2 Introductory Session UTRAN UMTS Core Network UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces UMTS Mobiles UMTS Services Course Roundup
Summary of Yesterday
Yesterday we looked at

1st and 2nd Generation Cellular Systems Drivers for 3rd Generation Cellular CDMA and Mobile Technology
An Overview of UMTS Architecture

The UMTS Air Interface
Today
Today we are going to look at:

UTRAN The UMTS Core Network The UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Services
UTRAN
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview
UTRAN
UTRAN
UTRAN
Contents and Session Aims

UTRAN RNS, RNC and Node-B Handover in UMTS Admission Control Load Control Radio Resource Management Transmit Diversity Cell Search and Synchronisation Power Control
This session aims to explain the

roles and procedures behind UTRAN
To describe in detail the entities comprising the UTRAN To examine the role of UTRAN in Soft Handover To look at Call Admission, Congestion control and Radio Resource Management Algorithms To look at how the air interface is affected by power control algorithms
UTRAN
UTRAN
UTRAN is the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network For any network UTRAN consists of:
One or more RNSs with their associated RNCs, Node Bs and Cells
The functions of UTRAN (as described above) are:

System access control Security and privacy Handover Radio resource management and control
UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

A Radio Network Subsystem
consists of:

Iu RNC Iur
A single RNC One or more Node Bs Cells belonging to Node Bs
The UMTS equivalent of the

GSM BSS
Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Node B
Cell Cell
Uu
10
UTRAN
Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Responsible for the use and
integrity of the radio resources within the RNS
Iu RNC
Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Responsible for the handover

decisions that require signalling to the UE
Iur
Node B
Cell Cell
Provides a combining/splitting
function to support macro diversity between different Node Bs
Uu
11
UTRAN
Node B
Logical node responsible for
radio transmission / reception in one or more cells to/from the UE
Iu RNC
Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Iur
Node B
Cell Cell
Dual mode Node B can support

FDD and TDD mode
Not necessarily a single site

according to the standards
Most current implementations use a single site
Uu
12
UTRAN
Cell
A cell is an area of radio
coverage serviced by one or more carriers
Iu RNC
Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Iur
Node B
Cell Cell
Uu
13
UTRAN
UTRAN Security and privacy

Use of temporary identifier Encryption for radio channel Decryption for radio channel
14
UTRAN
Use of Tempory Identifier

There are a number of different types of equipment and
user identifiers used by UMTS
They have been taken directly from GSM to provide some backwards compatibility

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) Tempory Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI) Tempory Logical Link Identity (TLLI) Mobile Station ISDN (MSISDN)
International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)
15
UTRAN
IMSI and TMSI

IMSI is a unique 15 digit
identifier for each user and serves as the primary identifier
The TMSI is used to add a level

of security to the Subscriber Identity
It consists of:
Mobile Country Code (MCC), 3 digits Mobile Network Code (MNC), 2/3 digits Mobile Subscriber Identity Number (MSIN), 9/10 digits
The TMSI is 32 bits long It may be allocated by either an

MSC/VLR or an SGSN
If it is allocated by an SGSN it is known as a P-TMSI It is only valid within the network domain that it has been awarded by and both types may be simultaneously allocated
MCC
3 bits
MNC
2/3 bits
MSIN
9/10 bits
16
UTRAN
UTRAN Handover
Radio environment survey Handover decision Macro diversity control Handover control Handover execution Handover completion SRNS relocation Inter-system handover
17
UTRAN
Handover in UMTS
There are three basic types of handover
Intra frequency handovers

Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at the same frequency These can be soft handovers
Inter frequency handovers

Handovers between 2 UMTS carriers at different frequencies These are hard handovers
Inter system handovers

Handovers between UMTS and GSM carriers
These are hard handovers
18
UTRAN
Handover Sets in UMTS

Active Set
Cells forming a soft handover connection to the mobile
Candidate Set
Cells not presently used in soft handover but who qualify for soft handover Those cells which are continuously monitored but do not yet qualify for the Candidate Set
Neighbour Set
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UTRAN
Handover Decisions in UMTS

Active set = 1 Pilot Ec/Io
Cell A Window_ADD
=2
Cell A and Cell B
=2
Cell A and Cell C
Window_DROP
Window_REPLACE Direction of Travel
Add Time Delay
Replace Time Delay
Drop Time Delay
20
UTRAN
If an active set consists of two
Macrodiversity between Cells on the Same Node B Iu

RNC Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
connections to cells parented to the same Node B then the combining of the two channels occurs at the Node B
Iur
This is known as a softer

handover
This has no transmission

implication if cells are collocated.
Node B
Cell Cell
Uu
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UTRAN
Macrodiversity between Node Bs I

u
If an active set consists of

two connections to cells parented to different Node Bs then the combining of the two channels occurs at the RNC
RNC Node B
Cell Cell Cell Cell
Iur
This is known as a soft

handover
Node B
Cell Cell
This doubles the
transmission cost of the call
Uu
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UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs

Iu Serving RNS
RNC
Iur
RNC
Iu Drift RNS
Node B
Node B
Node B
Node B
Uu
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UTRAN
Macrodiversity between RNSs

SRNS provides link between the Core Network and the
UE
SRNS also provides the selection function for the different channels
DRNS relays frames to SRNS through Iur As the UE moves then some diversity paths may be
dropped and others established
When the DRNS has more paths than the SRNS the two can exchange function
Reduces traffic on Iur
24
UTRAN
Site Selection Diversity Transmit Power Control

Site selection diversity transmit power control (SSDT) is an optional macro diversity method in soft handover mode. The UE selects one of the cells from its active set to be primary, all other cells are classed as non primary. The main objective is to only transmit data on the downlink from the primary cell
Reducing the interference caused by multiple transmissions in a soft handover mode.
A second objective is to achieve fast site selection without network intervention
Maintaining the advantage of the soft handover.
25
UTRAN
SSDT
Non-Primary Cell
Each cell is assigned a

temporary identification (ID) and UE periodically informs the primary cell ID to the connecting cells.
Primary Cell
The non-primary cells selected

by UE switch off the transmission power for the downlink data.
UE
The primary cell ID is delivered

by UE to the active cells via uplink FBI field
Control
The cell with the highest CPICH

RSCP is the primary cell.
Non-Primary Cell
Data
26
UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell structures

Cell Layers in UMTS work on a per carrier basis
Microcell/Macrocell Scenario
Frequency 1
Hotspot Scenario
Frequency 2 Frequencies 1 & 2
27
UTRAN
Hierarchical Cell Structures

Typically operators will be
awarded 2 or 3 carriers
If they are awarded 3 carriers it

is then possible to implement HCS by
Macro Micro
FDD
Using 2 paired carriers for the macrocell layer

Using 1 paired carrier for the microcell layer Using any unpaired spectrum allocated for the picocell layer using TDD mode
FDD
Picro
Carrier 1
TDD
Carrier 2 Carrier 3
Carrier 4
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UTRAN
GSM: Discontinuous transmission
Inter Frequency Measurements at the UE

Room for measurements required for Mobile Assisted Hand Off TX RX
Idle time for measurements
Uplink Downlink
TX RX
UMTS FDD: Continuous transmission
No idle time for measurements required for MAHO TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX TX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX RX
Uplink Downlink
29
UTRAN
Compressed Mode
In Compressed Mode a Transmission Gap is created This allows inter-frequency and inter-system measurements inter-mode handover to GSM1800
Probably only required for inter-frequency handover and

GSM900 dual mode terminals will probably have separate receivers
Spanning two frames

One Frame, 10ms
Spanning a single frame
30
UTRAN
Compressed Mode
The Transmission Gap is
created by not transmitting for a number of slots
Other slots in the frame

impacted are then forced to transmit at a higher bit rate, a lower spreading factor and a higher power to maintain the user bit rate
It is possible to have gaps of 3,

4, 7, 10 and 14 slots
12 13 14 0 1 2 3
4 5
10 11 12 13 14 0 1
2 3
4 5
6 7
It is only possible to have gaps of 10 or 14 slots by using two frames
4 slot gap
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UTRAN
Radio Environment Survey

Received Signal Code Power
The received code power of the pilot
Received Signal Strength Indicator
The total in-band signal strength of the carrier
Ec/Io can be derived from these two items
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UTRAN
UTRAN System Access Control

Admission control Congestion control System information broadcasting
33
UTRAN
Admission Control
If loading is allowed to increase excessively then the coverage area of the cell reduces below that planned Admission Control aims to avoid this take the impact on multiple cells into account
Admission Control functionality is located at the RNC to

The Admission Control algorithm estimates the impact of adding an additional bearer on both uplink and downlink
Only if both pass is the call admitted Wideband Power Based Admission Control algorithms
There are two broad categories of algorithm

Throughput based Admission Control algorithms
34
UTRAN
Uplink Algorithm:
Interference Ithreshold
Wideband Power Based Admission Control

Itotal_old +DItotal > Ithreshold
Max Planned Noise Rise

Itotal_old DItotal DL load
Downlink Algorithm: Ptotal_old +DPtotal > Pthreshold
35
UTRAN
Throughput Based Admission Control

Uplink Algorithm
hUL+DL > hUL_threshold
Downlink Algorithm
hDL+DL > hDL_threshold
36
UTRAN
Congestion (Load) Control

Admission control should ensure that the system is not overloaded If it is then congestion control returns the system back to the targeted load Possible actions include
Downlink fast load control (deny downlink power up commands)

Uplink fast load control (reduce uplink Eb/No target) Reduce packet data traffic throughput Handover to another WCDMA carrier Handover to GSM Decrease bit rates for real time users (e.g. AMR bit rates) Drop calls in a controlled fashion
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UTRAN
UTRAN Radio Resource Management

Radio bearer set up and release Reservation and release of physical radio channels Allocation and release of physical radio channels Allocation of downlink channelisation codes Packet data transfer over radio function Radio channel coding and control Initial access detection and call handling Power control
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UTRAN
Packet Data Transfer

Packet Access is controlled in UMTS by a Packet
Scheduler (PS)
The tasks of the PS are to:

Divide the available air interface capacity between packet users
Decide which transport channels to use for each users packet data
Monitor the packet allocations and the system load
The PS is typically located at the RNC
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UTRAN
Common Transport channels for packet data

The Common Transport channels that can be used for packet access are:

Bitrate
RACH FACH User 6 User 5 User 4 User 7 User 2 User 3 User 1
Low setup time Link level performance worse than that of dedicated channels due to lack of closed loop power control and soft handover Most Suitable for small individual packets

SMS Text only email Web Page request
Time Time based packet scheduling is the mechanism employed when using the common and shared channels
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UTRAN
Slow setup time Link level performance better
Dedicated Transport channels for packet data

Bitrate
than that of common channels due to fast closed loop power control and ability to use soft handover
User 5 User 4
Most Suitable for medium or

large amounts of data
User 3
User 2
User 1
Time Code/Transmit based packet scheduling is the mechanism employed when using the dedicated channels
41
UTRAN
The shared Transport channels that can be used for

packet access are

Shared Transport channels for packet data

DSCH CPCH
Targetted at bursty packet data Share a code amongst many users Can use fast power control Cannot use soft handover Suitable for medium amounts of data
42
UTRAN
Packet scheduling in UMTS

In reality the packet scheduler
users a combination of time and code based packet scheduling
Bitrate
The packet scheduler will work

with the admission control algorithm to achieve the target load at a cell
Load
Target Load
User 5
User 7
User 4
User 6
User 2
User 3
User 1
User E User D User C User B User A
Time
Free Capacity
Non Controllable Real Time Load
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UTRAN
Downlink Multiplexing and Channel Coding Chain

CRC Attachment Insertion of DTX Indication (fixed Positions only)
Insertion of DTX indication (With Flexible Positions only)
Transport Block Concatenation/ Code Block Segmentation
First Interleaving (20, 40 or 80ms)
Physical Channel Segmentation
Channel Coding Other Transport Channels Rate Matching
Radio Frame Segmentation
Second Interleaving (10ms) Physical Channel Mapping

DPDCH DPDCH #1 #2
Transport Channel Multiplexing
DPDCH #n
44
UTRAN
Uplink Multiplexing and Channel Coding Chain

CRC Attachment First Interleaving (20, 40 or 80ms)
Transport Block Concatenation/ Code Block Segmentation
Radio Frame Segmentation
Physical Channel Segmentation
Channel Coding Other Transport Channels
Rate Matching
Second Interleaving (10ms) Physical Channel Mapping

DPDCH DPDCH #1 #2
Radio Frame Equalisation
Transport Channel Multiplexing
DPDCH #n
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UTRAN
CRC Attachment
The Cyclic Redundancy Check is used to detect errors in
the transport blocks at the receiving end
There are five lengths of CRC that can be inserted
0, 8, 12, 16 and 24 bits
The more bits the CRC contains the lower the probability
of undetected error
46
UTRAN
The received transport block is either concatenated to

other transport blocks or segmented to allow it to fit into an appropriate block size for the channel coding scheme chosen
Code Block Concatenation/Segmentation
It is typically better to concatenate as:

It reduces the encoder tail bits overhead It can improve the performance of channel coding to have larger block sizes
However over a certain limit segmentation is required to

limit complexity
47
UTRAN
Channel Coding
In UTRA two channel coding method are used

1/2 and 1/3 rate convolutional coding 1/3 turbo coding

8 state Parallel Concatenated Convolutional Code
48
UTRAN
Interleaving
Two different levels of interleaving are used:
Inter Frame interleaving

When the delay budget allows more than 10ms of interleaving It is possible to have interleaving over 20, 40 and 80ms time periods
Intra Frame Interleaving

Over a 10ms time period
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UTRAN
The use of fixed positions
DTX Indication for Fixed and Flexible Positions

Fixed Positions: A and B Full Rate TFCI TrCH A TPC
means that a given transport channel always occupies the same positions when multiplexed with others
TrCH B
Pilot
If there is no data DTX indication symbols are inserted
Fixed Positions: B Full Rate and A 1/3 Rate

TFCI A
DTX
TPC
TrCH B
Pilot
The use of flexible positions

means that bits unused by one service can be used by another
TFCI
Flexible Positions Positions: A Full Rate and B 1/3 Rate TrCH A TPC A B Pilot
Fixed Positions: A 1/3 Rate and B 2/3 Rate TFCI A B

DTX
TPC
TrCH B
Pilot
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UTRAN
Downlink Transmit Diversity

UMTS explicitly allow the use of transmit diversity from the base
station
However it is not possible to simply transmit simultaneously form two

close antennas as this would cause an interference pattern - the following methods negate this issue
Transmit Diversity Method TSTD STTD Closed Loop Mode 1 Closed Loop Mode 2
Description Time Switched Transmit antenna Diversity (open loop) Space Time block coding Transmit antenna Diversity (open loop) Different Orthogonal Pilots Same Pilot
51
UTRAN
Channels Using Downlink Transmit Diversity

Physical channel type
P-CCPCH SCH S-CCPCH DPCH PICH PDSCH AICH CSICH
Open loop mode TSTD

X
STTD
X X X X X X X
Closed loop Mode

X X
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UTRAN
Time Switched Transmit antenna Diversity (TSTD)
Even numbered slots transmitted on Antenna 1, odd numbered slots on Antenna 2
Slot #0
P-SCH
Slot #1
P-SCH S-SCH
Slot #2
Slot #14
P-SCH S-SCH
Antenna 1
S-SCH
Antenna 2
P-SCH S-SCH
53
UTRAN
Space Time block coding Transmit antenna Diversity (STTD)

STTD encoding is optional in UTRAN. STTD support is mandatory at
the UE
Channel coding, rate matching and interleaving is done as in the nondiversity mode.
STTD encoding is applied on blocks of 4 consecutive channel bits The bit bi is real valued {0} for DTX bits and {1, -1} for all other
channel bits.
b0 b1 b2 b3 b 0 b1 b 2 b3 -b2 b3 b0 -b1 Antenna 2 Channel bits Antenna 1
STTD encoded channel bits for antenna 1 and antenna 2.
54
UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode

Channel coding, interleaving and spreading are done as in
non-diversity mode
The spread complex valued signal is fed to both TX antenna branches, and weighted with antenna specific weight factors w1 and w2 The weight factors are complex valued signals in general. The weight factors are determined by the UE, and signalled using the D-bits of the FBI field of uplink DPCCH.
55
UTRAN
Closed Loop Mode

w1 Spread/scramble CPICH1 Ant1
Tx
DPCCH DPDCH
DPCH
Ant2
w2 CPICH2 Rx w1 w2 Rx
Tx
Weight Generation
Determine FBI message from Uplink DPCCH
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UTRAN
Cell Search and Synchronisation

In UMTS base stations are not tightly synchronised (s-level) to a
common reference, e.g. GPS
Makes for easier deployment, e.g. in indoor environments
All cells transmit different scrambling codes plus common synchronisation code Synchronises to new cell and acquires time slot clock Identification of new cell Radio frame synchronisation
UE searches for primary synchronisation code with matched filter
UE decodes secondary synchronisation code

Can now find cells scrambling code from the CPICH to decode the
Primary CCPCH
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UTRAN
Power Control
Two Levels of Power Control
Outer Loop
The RNC sets the target Eb/No based upon the BER of the received data
Inner loop
Open loop based upon estimating the path loss from the pilot Fast closed loop Power control on both the uplink and the downlink
Based upon TPC bits 2 algorithms
Every received bit causes an adjustment in transmit power, either up or down A set of commands is sent starting with a sequence of 4 0s. Only if all 5 command the bits indicate up is the power increased, all the bits down is the power decreased. Otherwise power remains the same
58
UTRAN
Power Control in Soft Handover

In Soft Handover multiple power control measurements
might be received
In this case a simple rule is used

If any command says power down, then power down
If all commands say power up, then power up
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UTRAN
Questions
What is the difference between load control and
congestion control?
How does handover for UMTS differ from that in cdmaOne? measurements for MAHO?
If we are continuously receiving data, how do we take
60
UTRAN
Session Summary
In this session we have discussed the major elements and
procedures for UTRAN
In the next session we are going to look at the Core Network
61
UMTS Core Network
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview
62
UMTS Core Network
UMTS Core Network
63
UMTS Core Network
Contents
Core Network Overview Entities Shared between the Circuit Switched Domain and
the Packet Switched Domain
Entities in the Circuit Switched Domain Entities in the Packet Switched Domain
64
UMTS Core Network

The CS and PS Domains
This session aims to go into

more detail about the entities in the Core Network
Shared Entities Entities in the CS Domain Entities in the PS Domain UMTS System Areas
It contains:
A revisit of the core network overview Entities in the different core network domains Areas in UMTS
65
UMTS Core Network
Core Network (CN)

The Core Network consists of:

A Circuit Switched Domain A Packet Switched Domain
Some CN entities may belong to both domains
CS Entities Common Entities
PS Entities
66
UMTS Core Network
General Core Network Architecture

Other MSC
CS Entities
UTRAN
F Iu-cs
Mobile Switching Centre
F
Gateway MSC
MSC/VLR
GMSC
External Circuit Switched Networks
D
Home Authentication Location Centre Register
Common Entities PS Entities
Equipment Identity Register
Gs
EIR
HLR
AuC
Gr
UTRAN
Gc
Gateway GSN
Iu-ps
Serving GSN
Gi
SGSN
Gn
Gn
GGSN
CN
External Packet Switched Networks
IU
Other SGSN
67
UMTS Core Network
Advantages of separation
Why Separate CS domains and PS domains?

Simple evolution from GSM/GPRS Low Risk Early Availability

Disadvantages of separation
Build and manage 2 networks Separate engineering and dimensioning Greater Infrastructure Cost
Service Continuity
Duplicated Functions
MM in VLR and SGSN
68
UMTS Core Network
Shared Entities in the Core Network

All other entities are shared between the CS and PS
domains

Home Location Register Authentication Centre Equipment Identity Register SMS-Service Centre
69
UMTS Core Network
Home Location Register

A data base in charge of the management of mobile
subscribers.
A PLMN may contain one or several HLRs: it depends on the number of mobile subscribers, on the capacity of the equipment and on the organisation of the network Contains:
Subscription information; Location information enabling the charging and routing of calls towards the MSC where the MS is registered
70
UMTS Core Network
Equipment Identity Register

The Equipment Identity Register (EIR) is the logical entity
which is responsible for storing in the network the International Mobile Equipment Identities (IMEIs)
The equipment is classified as "white listed", "grey listed", "black listed" or it may be unknown
The white list is composed of all number series of equipment identities that are permitted for use The black list contains all equipment identities that belong to equipment that need to be barred Equipment on the grey list are not barred, but are tracked by the network (for evaluation or other purposes)
71
UMTS Core Network
Authentication Centre
The Authentication Centre (AuC) is associated with an
HLR, and stores an identity key for each mobile subscriber registered with the associated HLR. This key is used to generate:
data which are used to authenticate the International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI); a key used to cipher communication over the radio path between the mobile station and the network.
72
UMTS Core Network
SMS Service Centre

The SMS-SC deals with the transfer of short of short text
messages
This works on a store and forward basis
73
UMTS Core Network
Circuit Switched Domain

The CS domain deals with circuit switched type
connections and the associated signalling
i.e. those connections that require a dedicated resource
Entities specific to the CS domain are:

MSC
GMSC VLR
74
UMTS Core Network
Mobile Switching Centre

The Mobile-services Switching Centre (MSC) constitutes
the interface between the radio system and the fixed networks.
The MSC performs all necessary functions in order to handle the circuit switched services to and from the mobile stations UMTS MSCs can be expected to be identical in hardware to latest generation GSM MSCs, although with a different software version
75
UMTS Core Network
Gateway MSC
If a network delivering a call to the PLMN cannot
interrogate the HLR, the call is routed to an MSC.
This MSC will interrogate the appropriate HLR and then route the call to the MSC where the mobile station is located. The MSC which performs the routing function to the actual location of the MS is called the Gateway MSC (GMSC).
76
UMTS Core Network
Visitor Location Register

A mobile station roaming in an MSC area is controlled by
the Visitor Location Register in charge of this area.
When a Mobile Station (MS) enters a new location area it starts a registration procedure. The MSC in charge of that area notices this registration and transfers to the Visitor Location Register the identity of the location area where the MS is situated. If this MS is no yet registered, the VLR and the HLR exchange information to allow the proper handling of calls involving the MS.
A VLR may be in charge of one or several MSC areas.
77
UMTS Core Network
Packet Switched Domain

The PS domain deals with packet switched type
connections and associated signalling
i.e. those that are comprised of concatenations of bits formed into packets, each of which can be routed independantly
Entities specific to the PS domain are:

SGSN GGSN
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UMTS Core Network
Serving GPRS Support Node

Essentially a router supporting packet data transfer within UMTS For packet switched data performs additionally the role of the VLR and contains:
Subscription information:
The IMSI; One or more temporary identities;
Zero or more PDP addresses.
Location information:
Depending on the operating mode of the MS, the cell or the routeing area where the MS is registered; The VLR number of the associated VLR (if the Gs interface is implemented); The GGSN address of each GGSN for which an active PDP context exists
79
UMTS Core Network
Gateway GPRS Support Node

Acts as a gateway into the packet switched network much
as the GMSC
subscription information:
the IMSI; zero or more PDP addresses.
location information:
the SGSN address for the SGSN where the MS is registered.
80
UMTS Core Network
UMTS System Areas

Location Area

UEs registered on the CS domain report their position in terms of LA UEs in idle mode monitor Location Area Identities (LAIs) and report changes Stored in the VLR UEs registered on the PS domain report their position in terms of RA UEs in both idle and connected mode monitor Routing Area Identities (RAIs) and support changes Stored in the SGSN Used once a signaling/traffic connection is established A subset of a RA
Only relevant to PS mode of operation Used by the RNC (not really relevant to the CN)
Routing Area

UTRAN Registration Area

81
UMTS Core Network
Questions
What are the advantages and disadvantages of having
separate CS and PS Domains in the core network?
Which entities are involved in Mobility Management of visiting users?
82
UMTS Core Network
Session Summary
In this session we have looked at the major UMTS CN
entities in:

The CS Domain The PS Domain Shared entities
In the next session we shall look at the fixed network interfaces in UMTS
83
UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards
Day 2 Introductory Session UTRAN UMTS Core Network UMTS Fixed Network Interfaces

Overview
UMTS Mobiles UMTS Services Course Roundup
84
85

General Protocol Model
This session aims to explore the

Fixed Network Interfaces in UMTS in more detail
IP vs ATM ATM
Iub Iur Iu
A general model for the interfaces ATM in UMTS The Fixed Network Interfaces
86
General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces

Radio Network Layer Transport Network Layer
Control Plane
Application Protocol
Transport Network User Plane Transport Network Control Plane
User Plane
Data Stream(s)
Transport Network User Plane
ALCAP(s) Signalling Bearer(s) Signalling Bearer(s) Physical Layer Data Bearer(s)
87
All UTRAN related issues are only visible in the Radio

Network Layer
Horizontal Layers in the General Protocol Model
The Transport Layer simply represents standard transport technology for use in UTRAN
e.g. ATM and appropriate adaptation layers
88
Vertical Planes in the General Protocol Model

The Control Plane is for all UMTS specific control signalling including:

Application Protocol Signalling Bearer Data Streams Data Bearers
The User Plane is for all data sent and received by the user including:

Transport Network Control Plane contains all signalling within the

Transport Layer
Transport Network User Plane contains the Signalling and Data

Bearers for the Radio Network Layer Protocols
89
IP vs. ATM
One of the major uncertainties over the fixed network
interfaces in UMTS is whether IP or ATM will be used
ATM is a mature technology and specified in the release 99 of the 3GPP standards QoS improvements
IP v6 is required, if IP is to be used by UMTS, due to its
90
ATM
ATM is the default transport network layer for a UMTS
network
There are two types of ATM interconnections defined
NNI UNI
Network-Network Interfaces User-Network Interfaces
Interfaces between two ATM switches
Interfaces between a user terminal and an ATM switch
91
ATM Layer
ATM provides the data link
connection across a network
An ATM cell consists of:
A five octet header containing:

Virtual Path Identifier
OSI 3
Higher Layer Protocols
Virtual Channel Identifier
A 48 octet payload
2 1
ATM Adaptation Layer
Data Link Layer

ATM Layer
Physical
Physical Layer
92
ATM Service Classes

ATM Adaption Layer AAL 1 AAL 2 AAL 3 AAL 4 AAL 5 Connection Mode Connection Based Connection Based Connection Connectionless Connectionless Bit Rate Constant Variable Variable Variable Variable Example Use Digital voice Variable rate video X.25, Frame Relay TCP/IP, SMDS TCP/IP
UMTS uses:

AAL2 to provide a synchronous connection based service AAL5 to provide an asynchronous connectionless service
93
Major Interfaces in UMTS

There are four major new
interfaces defined in UMTS
CN Iu
RNC Iur RNC
Iu
The interface between UTRAN and the CN
Iur
The Interface between different RNCs
Iub
The interface between the Node B and the RNC
Uu
The air interface
Iub NodeB Uu
UE
94
The Iub is the interface between the RNC and the Node-B The Node B effectively performs a relay function between
the Iub and the Uu
Iub
Thus the Iub needs to carry:

Layer 2+ signalling between the UE and the UTRAN Signalling directly to the Node B
To control radio resource allocation General control of the Node-B O&M Functionality
95
Iub Protocol Stack

In the Iub the Application This is carried over the
Signalling ATM Adaptation Layer UNI (SAAL-UNI) which itself comprises
Protocol is the Node B Application Protocol (NBAP)
Control Plane
NBAP
User Plane
RACH FP FACH FP DSCH FP DCH FP PCH FP
Service Specific Co-ordination Function - UNI (SSCF-UNI) Service Specific Connection Orientated Protocol (SSCOP)
SSCF-UNI SSCOP AAL5 ATM
AAL2
AAL5
Physical Layer
A dedicated AAL2 connection is

reserved for each User Plane service
96
Iub Radio Network Layer User Plane

The DCH Frame Protocol (FP) consists of:
Iub DCH Data Frames

The Iub interface provides means for transport of uplink and downlink DCH Iub frames between RNC and Node B. The DCH Iub frame header includes uplink quality estimates and synchronisation information
Iub DCH Control Frames

These are used to carry control information such as power and timing control
Iub RACH FP, FACH FP, PCH FP and DSCH FP carry the
equivalent channels
97
Iub Radio Network Layer Control Plane

The Iub interface allows the RNC and the Node B to negotiate about radio resources
The protocol used is the Node B Application Part (NBAP) Radio Channel Management
Main Functions

Radio Resource Management

Radio Network Performance Measurement Cell Configuration Management Operations and Maintenance Iub Link Management measurement request radio link set-up cell set-up
Example NBAP messages are:

cell delete
98
Implementation of the Iub

Transmission sharing between the GSM/GPRS Abis
interface and the Iub interface is allowed
The functional division between RNC and Node B has as few options as possible the Node B are visible over Iub and are thus not limiting factors, e.g.

Neither the physical structure nor any internal protocols of

When introducing future technology
In multi vendor networks
99
The Iur is the interface between two RNCs It enables the transport of air interface signalling between
an SRNC and a DRNC
Iur
Thus the Iur needs to support:

Basic Inter RNC Mobility Dedicated Channel Traffic Common Channel Traffic
Global Resource Management
10
Iur Protocol Stack

In the Iub the Application Protocol is the Radio
Network Subsystem Application Protocol (RNSAP) SS7) protocols comprising

This is carried over the Broad Band SS7 (BB

Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) Message Transfer Part (MTP3-b) Service Specific Co-ordination Function - NNI (SSCF-NNI) SSCOP AAL5
Control Plane
RNSAP
User Plane
DCH FP CCH FP
SCCP
MTP3-B SSCF-NNI SSCOP M3UA SCTP IP
An alternative IP based signalling protocol can

be used comprising

AAL5 ATM
AAL2
SS7 MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA) Simple Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Internet Protocol (IP)
Physical Layer
A dedicated AAL2 connection is reserved for

each User Plane service
10
Iur Radio Network Layer User Plane

The DCH Frame Protocol (FP) consists of:
Iur DCH Data Frames

The Iur interface provides means for transport of uplink and downlink DCH Iur frames between RNCs. The DCH Iur frame header includes uplink quality estimates and synchronisation information Sometimes called Iur/IubDCH Data Frames as they are the same as on the Iub
Iub DCH Control Frames

These are used to carry control information such as power and timing control Sometimes called Iur/IubDCH Control Frames as they are the same as on the Iub
Similarly for CCH FP
10
Iur Radio Network Layer Control Plane

The Iur interface allows the RNCs to communicate regarding the
The protocol used is the Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP)
Iur1: Basic Inter-RNC Mobility
SRNC Relocation Inter RNC cell and URA Update
Split into 4 parts
Inter RNC Packet Paging

Reporting of Protocol Errors Support of DCH transfer across the Iur
Iur2: Dedicated Channel Traffic
Iur3: Common Channel Traffic

Transport of CCH transfer across the Iur
Transfer of Cell Measurements Transfer of Node B Timing Information
Iur4: Global Resource Management

10
Implementation of the Iur

Some Vendors are suggesting collocated RNCs to rmove
the necessity for high data rate Iurs
10
The Iu is the interface between the Core Network and the

UTRAN

Iu
There are two instances of the Iu:

The Iu-ps connecting UTRAN to the Packet Switched Network The Iu-cs connecting UTRAN to the Circuit Switched Network
10
Iu-ps Protocol Stack

In the Iu-ps the Application Protocol is the
Radio Access Network Application Protocol (RANAP) SS7) protocols comprising

This is carried over the Broad Band SS7 (BB

SCCP MTP3-b SSCF-NNI SSCOP
Control Plane
RANAP
User Plane
Iu User Plane protocol
SCCP
MTP3-B SSCF-NNI SSCOP M3UA SCTP IP
AAL5
An alternative IP based signalling protocol can

be used comprising

AAL5
ATM
GTP-U UDP IP AAL2
M3UA SCTP IP Physical Layer GPRS Tunneling Protocol - User Plane (GTP-U) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) IP AAL2
A User Plane Protocols are carried over

10
Iu-cs Protocol Stack

In the Iu-cs the Application
Protocol is the RANAP protocols comprising

This is carried over the BB SS7

SCCP MTP3-b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5
Control Plane
RANAP
User Plane
Iu User Plane protocol
SCCP MTP3b SSCF-NNI SSCOP AAL5 ATM
AAL2
A User Plane Protocols are

carried over AAL2
Physical Layer
10
The RANAP functions are:

RANAP Protocol
SRNS Relocation and Hard Handover Radio Access Bearer Management
Reporting Unsuccessfully Transmitted Data

Common ID Management Paging Management of Tracing UE-CN signalling transfer Security mode control Management of Tracing UE-CN Signalling Transfer Security Mode Control
Management of Overload over the Iu interface

Reset of the Iu interface Location Reporting
10
Questions
What functions does the Iur have other than transporting
data and control channels to the SRNS?
What are the two horizontal layers of the General Protocol Model and how do they differ? what are their properites?
Which ATM Adaptation Layers are used in UMTS and
10
Session Summary
In this session we have looked at the major UMTS
interfaces

Iu Iub Iur
We have also seen how these interfaces are split into a general model and how this applies to specific instances
110
UMTS Mobiles
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview
111
UMTS Mobiles
UMTS Mobiles
112
UMTS Mobiles

This session aims to explore the
UE Service States Idle Mode Processes
functionality of the UE and the processes that it directs
UE States and Idle Mode Processes UE measurements Mobile Trends
UE Measurements UTRAN Measurements Phones of the Future Mobile Trends
113
UMTS Mobiles
UE Power Classes and Modes

Power Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 Maximum output power TDD [+33] dBm [+27] dBm [+24] dBm [+21] dBm [+10] dBm [ 0 ] dBm Maximum output power FDD +33 dBm +27 dBm +24 dBm +21 dBm
114
UMTS Mobiles
User Equipment Service States
The UE operates in one of three basic states
Detached
Detached
Not registered to the network
Idle
Registered to the network and performing both LA and RA updates
CS-Connected
PS-Connected
Connected
CS-Connected
Does not perform LA updates CS Signalling/Traffic Link Established PS Signalling/Traffic Link Established RA updates for boundary crossings
Idle
PS-Connected

115
UMTS Mobiles
Idle Mode
Idle mode is when the UE has:

Selected a PLMN Selected a cell Carried out Location Registration Monitoring the serving cells and neighbouring cells radio performance
The UE should be served by the most reliable cell
Once in Idle mode the UE continually reassess its serving cell
Monitoring signalling information

P-CCPCH for cell and system parameters which could provoke cell reselection S-CCPCH for paging or notification resulting in connection establishment
116
UMTS Mobiles
Synchronisation
In order to select a PLMN or cell the UE must first be
synchronised to the network
As we discussed earlier the procedure for this is:

Derive timing from P-SCH
Derive scrambling code group from S-SCH

Derive scrambling code from CPICH
Once the UE has this information it can then decode the P-CCPCH since it already knows it s rate and channelisation code which are fixed
117
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Selection
There are two possibilities for cell selection procedures:
Initial Cell Selection

The UE has no knowledge of which radio channels th ePLMN is using. The UE scans all channels within the UMTS band Once a carrier belonging to the required PLMN is found the UE will begin cell selection
Stored Information Cell Selection

The UE has previously stored information on the carrier frequencies of the required PLMN
118
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Selection Criteria

Cell Selection is based upon S where
S = Qmeas - Qmin - Pcompensation

Q meas is the Signal to Interference Ratio for the candidate cell Qmin is the minimum required SIR Pcompensation is a correction value for different power classes of mobile
If S>0 then the cell is a valid candidate The UE will camp on the cell with the highest S
119
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Reselection
The causes for cell reselection are:

A better cell has been found S has fallen below 0 Communication with the serving cell has failed
The serving cell has become barred or forbidden
12
UMTS Mobiles
Cell Reselection is based upon R where:

Cell Reselection Criteria
Rs = Qmaps + Qhysts Rn = Qmapn - Qoffset - TOn.(1-Ln)

Rs is the rank for the serving cell Rn is the rank for a neighbouring cell Qmaps is the quality measurement from the serving cell Qmapn is the quality measurement from a neighbouring cell Qhysts and Qoffset are broadcast by the serving cell and used to control the traffic distribution in the system TOn is a tempory offset present until a timer expiry to prevent short term reselection Ln determines whether TOn is used
The cell with the highest ranking is selcted If this is a neighbour cell this is only occurs if this status is maintained
for a period in time
12
UMTS Mobiles
Immediate Cell Evaluation

Just prior to a RACH the UE will perform a search to
ensure that it is using the correct cell
Cell reselection occurs if

Sn > 0
Qmapn > Qmaps + Qoffset
12
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UE
UTRA carrier RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator, wideband received power within the channel bandwidth CPICH Received Signal Code Power, received power on CPICH after despreading
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
CPICH Energy/chip to Noise power spectral density,
(CPICH Ec/Io) = (CPICH RSCP) / RSSI
CPICH ISCP
CPICH Interference on Signal Code Power, interference on received signal after despreading
CPICH SIR
CPICH Signal to Interference Ratio, (CPICH SIR) = (CPICH RSCP) / (CPICH ISCP)
12
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UE
SIR
Signal to Interference Ratio,

SIR = (DPCCH RSCP) / (DPCCH ISCP)
Transport channel BLER
Estimation of transport channel block error rate

Total transmitted power of the UE measured at the antenna connector/indication of TX power reaching threshold
UE transmitted power
12
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UTRAN

Transport channel BLER
Estimation of transport channel block error rate
Physical channel BER
Physical channel BER measured on control part after RL combining Transport channel BER measured on data part after RL combining
Transport channel BER
12
UMTS Mobiles
Measurements at the UTRAN

RSSI
Received Signal Strength Indicator, the wideband received power within the UL channel
Transmitted carrier power
The transmitter carrier power is the ratio between the total transmitted power on one DL carrier and the maximum power to use on that carrier
Transmitted code power
The transmitted power on one carrier, scrambling and channelisation code combination
12
UMTS Mobiles
Some UMTS Options

Information Manager
384 kbits/s data

Phone
Voice + low data
3G Core
PC Card
2 Mbits/s data
12
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the Future: DoCoMo
12
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the Future: Ericsson
12
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of the future: Panasonic
13
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of Today: Nokia
13
UMTS Mobiles
Phone of Today: Ubinetics
13
UMTS Mobiles
Handheld Products: Small Runs...

1998 figures:

3 m total PDA sales (US) 62 models in the marketplace! Average product lifetime ~1 year
A successful GSM phone model might sell 10 m
Quite a difference in volume

Which will model UMTS follow???
13
UMTS Mobiles
PA Technology Predictions
Vast range of products by 2005, changing fast

Some will be palmtops, most will not Diverse range of services, using GSM, GPRS, UMTS, fixed line or a combination UMTS needs to accommodate the take up of services which are starting now over 2G and 2.5G technologies UMTS is just another modem
Should be product independent
Must be cheap for consumer products
Most of the UK may never have UMTS coverage
GSM/GPRS multi-mode is vital
13
UMTS Mobiles
Terminal Types
Source: UMTS Forum
13
UMTS Mobiles
Parts Cost: 3G PDA

$ 300.00 $ 250.00 $ 200.00 $ 150.00 $ 100.00 $ 50.00 $ 0.00 GSM UTRA UTRA PDA Sundry Keypad LCD screen WinCE license CPU 8 Mbyte ROM 8 Mbyte RAM Baseband RF
UMTS Inside becomes a small part of product parts cost, compared with eg
B&W LCD screen (~ $80) WinCE CPU (eg MIPS, ARM ($5 15) Pentium II ($500)
Other Items
UMTS Inside
13
UMTS Mobiles
Questions
What does the UE do before making a random access
attempt?
What are the four UE Service States? What are the major components of cost for a PDA style mobile?
13
UMTS Mobiles
Session Summary
In this session we have investigated some of the UE
processes an the future evolution of mobiles
In the final session we shall look at some of the services that can be carried by the UE in UMTS
13
UMTS Services
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview
13
UMTS Services
UMTS Services
14
UMTS Services

UMTS Services and Applications Architecture of a UMTS Bearer Service UMTS Bearer Attributes UMTS QoS Classes Example UMTS Services
In this session we shall look at

services and QoS issues in UMTS

UMTS services QoS Bearer Architecture and Attributes Service Classes Major Service Types
14
UMTS Services
UMTS Services and Applications

Office Information Information
Intelligent Search and Filtering agents Internet Surfing On-line media On-line translation Local information Booking & Reservation News Virtual Working Groups Tele-working Schedule Synchronisation
Special Services
Security Service Hotline Tele-medecine
Telemetric Services
Machine-Machine Services Location Based Tracking Navigation Assistance Travel Information Fleet Management Remote Diagnostics
Education
Virtual School On-line Laboratories On-line Library On-line Training Remote Consultation
Communications
Video Telephony Video Conferencing Speech Email Announcing Services SMS Electronic Postcards
Financial Services
On-line banking Universal SIM & Credit Card Home Shopping Stock Quotes
Leisure
Public Services
Public Elections/Voting Public Information Help Broadcast Services Yellow Pages
Virtual Book Store Music on Demand Games on Demand Video-clips Virtual Sight Seeing Lottery Services
14
UMTS Services
Architecture of a UMTS bearer service

TE UE UTRAN CN
edge node
CN
gateway
TE
End-to-End Service
TE/UE Local Bearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service

Radio Access Bearer Service
CN Bearer Service
External Bearer Service
Radio Bearer Service
Iu Bearer Service
Backbone Network Service
UTRA FDD/TDD Service
Physical Bearer Service
14
UMTS Services
QoS Bearer Attributes

Maximum bitrate (kbps) Guaranteed bitrate (kbps) Delivery order (y/n) Maximum SDU size (octets) SDU format information (bits)
Transfer delay (ms) Traffic handling priority Allocation/Retention Priority
SDU error ratio Residual bit error ratio
Delivery of erroneous SDUs

(y/n/-)
14
UMTS Services
Maximum bitrate
Maximum bitrate (kbps)
Maximum bitrate can be used to make code reservations in the downlink of the radio interface Its purpose is
to limit the delivered bitrate to applications or external networks with such limitations to allow maximum wanted user bitrate to be defined for applications able to operate with different rates
14
UMTS Services
Guaranteed bitrate
Guaranteed number of bits delivered by UMTS within a
time period
Guaranteed bitrate may be used to facilitate

admission control based on available resources and
resource allocation within UMTS.
Quality requirements expressed by e.g. delay and reliability attributes only apply to incoming traffic up to the guaranteed bitrate
14
UMTS Services
Delivery order
Indicates whether the UMTS bearer shall provide insequence SDU delivery or not.
The attribute is derived from the user protocol (PDP type) and specifies if out-of-sequence SDUs are acceptable or not. This information cannot be extracted from the traffic class. Whether out-of-sequence SDUs are dropped or reordered depends on the specified reliability
14
UMTS Services
Maximum SDU size

The maximum allowed SDU size The maximum SDU size is used for admission control and
policing.
14
UMTS Services
SDU format information

List of possible exact sizes of SDUs UTRAN needs SDU size information to be able to operate
in transparent RLC protocol mode, which is beneficial to spectral efficiency and delay when RLC re-transmission is not used.
Thus, if the application can specify SDU sizes, the bearer is less expensive
14
UMTS Services
SDU error ratio

Indicates the fraction of SDUs lost or detected as
erroneous.
Note that by reserving resources, SDU error ratio performance is independent of the loading conditions, whereas without reserved resources, such as in Interactive and Background classes, SDU error ratio is used as target value. Used to configure the protocols, algorithms and error detection schemes, primarily within UTRAN.
15
UMTS Services
Residual bit error ratio

Indicates the undetected bit error ratio in the delivered
SDUs.
If no error detection is requested, Residual bit error ratio indicates the bit error ratio in the delivered SDUs. error detection coding
Used to configure radio interface protocols, algorithms and
15
UMTS Services
Delivery of erroneous SDUs

Indicates whether SDUs detected as erroneous shall be
delivered or discarded.
Used to decide whether error detection is needed and whether frames with detected errors shall be forwarded or not.
15
UMTS Services
Transfer delay
Indicates maximum delay for 95th percentile of the distribution of
delay for all delivered SDUs during the lifetime of a bearer service
Delay for an SDU is defined as the time from a request to transfer an

SDU at one SAP to its delivery at the other SAP.
Used to specify the delay tolerated by the application. It allows UTRAN to set transport formats and ARQ parameters Transfer delay of an arbitrary SDU is not meaningful for a bursty
source, since the last SDUs of a burst may have long delay due to queuing, whereas the meaningful response delay perceived by the user is the delay of the first SDU of the burst.
15
UMTS Services
Traffic handling priority

Specifies the relative importance for handling of all SDUs
belonging to the UMTS bearer compared to the SDUs of other bearers.
Within the interactive class, there is a definite need to differentiate between bearer qualities. This is handled by using the traffic handling priority attribute, to allow UMTS to schedule traffic accordingly. By definition, priority is an alternative to absolute guarantees, and thus these two attribute types cannot be used together for a single bearer.]
15
UMTS Services
Allocation/Retention Priority
Specifies the relative importance compared to other
UMTS bearers for allocation and retention of the UMTS bearer. The Allocation/Retention Priority attribute is a subscription parameter which is not negotiated from the mobile terminal.
Priority is used for differentiating between bearers when

performing allocation and retention of a bearer.
In situations where resources are scarce, the relevant network elements can use the Allocation/Retention Priority to prioritise bearers with a high Allocation/Retention Priority over bearers with a low Allocation/Retention Priority when performing admission control
15
UMTS Services
Asymmetric Bearers
Uni-directional and bi-directional bearer services are
supported.
For bi-directional bearer services, the attributes Maximum bitrate and Guaranteed bitrate can be set separately for uplink/downlink in order to support asymmetric bearers.
15
UMTS Services
UMTS QoS Classes

UMTS attempts to fulfil QoS requests from the user Four traffic classes have been identified

Conversational Streaming
Interactive
Background
Main distinguishing feature is delay sensitivity
15
UMTS Services
Conversational Class
Preserve time relation between information entities of the
stream - transmission and reception in the same order
Conversational pattern - symmetric Real time - low delay required Typically between peers Example Applications:

Voice
Videotelephony
Video Games
15
UMTS Services
Streaming
Preserve time relation between information entities of the
stream - transmission and reception in the same order
Highly asymmetric Real time - relatively low delay required Typically between server and client Example Applications

Web broadcast
Video on demand
Miscellaneous streaming multimedia
15
UMTS Services
Interactive
Request response pattern Preserve data integrity Relatively delay sensitive but not real time Treated as non-real time packet based Example applications:

Web browsing Network games
Location based services

Database retrieval
16
UMTS Services
Background
Destination is not expecting the data within a certain time Preserve data integrity Treated as non-real time packet based Example Applications

Download of emails SMS Reception of measurement records
16
UMTS Services
UMTS Circuit Switched Bearer Services

Five Circuit switched bearer services have been defined:
Speech
Adaptive Multi Rate
Transparent Data (Unrestricted Digital Information)

32kbps, 56kbps, 64kbps
Transparent Data (Audio)

28.8kbps, 33.6 kbps
Non Transparent Fax

28.8kbps
Non Transparent Data

14.4kbps, 28.8kbps, 57.6kbps
16
UMTS Services
UMTS AMR Speech Codec

Standard codec likely to be the multirate coder developed
for GSM

provides EFR quality for good channel provides good quality in poor conditions
The multirate codec has 14 combined channel and codec

modes
codec produces 8 source rates (4.75, 5.15, 5.9, 6.7(PDC-EFR), 7.4(IS-641), 7.95, 10.2 and 12.2 kbps(GSM-EFR)) employs variable protection coding according to channel coding rate between 1/2 and 1/5 puncturing used to match bit rate to channel
16
UMTS Services
Universal Personal Telecommunications

UPT means a user can be contacted wherever they are
through a single number
User mobility rather than terminal mobility
The number translation capability of IN can be used to route a call to a convenient and suitably equipped local terminal
A number is associated with a person not a terminal or ID card
16
UMTS Services
Virtual Home Environment

The VHE means that a roaming user can access the
services that he would have access to on his home network
Ideally the user should not notice he is not in his home network
Again VHE can be implemented in UMTS through the inclusion of IN functionality
16
UMTS Services
SIM Application Toolkit

SIM Application Toolkit Features include:
Profile Download
To verify support of the SIM Application Toolkit by both SIM and ME
Data Download
To enable SMS to transfer data directly to an application on the SIM
Proactive SIM
To allow the SIM to operate the call control functions of the ME
Menu Selection
To enable an application on the SIM to create and operate a menu on the ME
Call Control by SIM

All dialled digits may be passed to an application on the SIM which may bar, modify or allow the call
16
UMTS Services
Location Based Services

In many regions a Location Function is a condition of the license Location information may be provided on request from a client application (in either the UE or CN) There are three main types of location derivation
Cell Identity Based

Giving a position within the cells coverage area
Timing Based
Derived from relative timing measurements made on radio transmissions
Network Assisted GPS

A UE is equipped with a GPS, whose performance may be improved by the network
16
UMTS Services
Questions
What are the four UMTS QoS Classes? How might location be determined for location based
services in UMTS?
What is the maximum and minimum rate of the AMR speech codec?
16
UMTS Services
Session Summary
In this session we have investigated

QoS Architecture in UMTS Bearer attributes QoS Classes
Example services such as the AMR
16
Course Roundup
Locator Slide
Systems Overview

Standards

Overview
17
Course Roundup
Course Roundup
17
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17

UMTS Network Systems Overview Day 2

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UMTS Network Systems Overview Day 2

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UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Day 2 Introductory Session

3rd Generation Drivers and

CDMA Mobile Technology

UMTS Architecture Overview UMTS Air Interface Day 1 Roundup

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Day 2 Introductory Session

Day 2 Introductory Session

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Day 2 Introductory Session

An Overview of UMTS Architecture

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Day 2 Introductory Session

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

3rd Generation Drivers and

CDMA Mobile Technology

UMTS Architecture Overview UMTS Air Interface Day 1 Roundup

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Contents and Session Aims

This session aims to explain the

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

The functions of UTRAN (as described above) are:

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

A single RNC One or more Node Bs Cells belonging to Node Bs

The UMTS equivalent of the

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

Responsible for the handover

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Dual mode Node B can support

Not necessarily a single site

Most current implementations use a single site

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

UTRAN Security and privacy

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Use of Tempory Identifier

International Mobile Station Equipment Identity (IMEI)

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

IMSI and TMSI

The TMSI is used to add a level

The TMSI is 32 bits long It may be allocated by either an

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Intra frequency handovers

Inter frequency handovers

Inter system handovers

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Handover Sets in UMTS

Cells forming a soft handover connection to the mobile

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

Handover Decisions in UMTS

Window_REPLACE Direction of Travel

Add Time Delay

Replace Time Delay

Drop Time Delay

U101 UMTS Network Systems Overview

If an active set consists of two

Macrodiversity between Cells on the Same Node B Iu

This is known as a softer

This has no transmission