Tutorial 01

DC Ammeter
Example 2-2
A 200-µA meter movement with
an internal resistance of 550-Ω is
used in 0- to 500-mA ammeter.
Find the value of the required
shunt resistance.
 Ayrton Shunt
Im
Example 2.3:
Rm Compute the value of
I - Im
the shunt resistors for
Rc Rb Ra
the circuit. Given that
Rm = 1.2kΩ,
I2
Im =150 µA,
I3 I1
I I1=5mA, I2=50mA,
I3=200mA.
+ - Check :
Fig. 3: An Ammeter using Ayrton shunt. Rsh = Ra + Rb + Rc
always!
Ammeter Insertion Effects
Example 2.4:
A current meter Ra
having an internal
resistance of 100Ω
is used to measure E = 5V Rb Rc
the current trough
Rc in figure below.
Determine the
percentage of error
due to the ammeter
insertion.
Given that
Ra=Rb=Rc= 2.2kΩ
 DC Voltmeter
Example 3.
• Calculate the
values of Rs
for the Rm = 2 kΩ
Ifs = 100µA
multiple- Rs1 Rs2 Rs3

range DC
Voltmeter 3mV
3V
300 V
circuits as
shown below:- + -
but change
the range to
3mV, 3V and
300V.
 DC Voltmeter
Example 4.
• Calculate the
values of Rs Rc Rb Ra
for the Rm = 2 kΩ
Ifs = 50µA
multiple-
range DC 5V
5mV

Voltmeter
circuits as 100V

shown below: + -
but change
the range to
5mV, 5V and
100V.
Voltmeter Loading Effects
Example 5:
• Two different voltmeters are
used to measure the voltage
across RB in the circuit below.
The meters are:
Meter A : S= 10kΩ/V;Rm=0.2kΩ; Range RA 10kΩ
=5V
Meter B : S=20kΩ/V;Rm=2.2kΩ; Range = E = 20V
5V

Calculate:
RB
– Voltage across RB without any 1.8kΩ
meter.
– Voltage across RB when meter A is
used.
– Voltage across RB when meter B is
used.
– Loading Errors in both voltmeter
readings.
Voltmeter Loading Effects
Example 6:
• Find the voltage reading and
the percentage of loading
error of each reading
obtained with a voltmeter
RA 2.2kΩ
on: E = 20V
– Its 10-V range.
– Its 50-V range RB 8.2kΩ

– Its 200-V range.

The meter has a 30-kΩ/V
sensitivity and connected
across RA.
 Ohmmeter
• Find the value of R, ¼ scale, ½ scale
and ¾ scale of this Ohmmeter?