Definition of society.

Occupation

Interaction

Sense of membership
Society is a group of
interacting individuals sharing
the same territory and
participating in common
culture.
Basic features of a society.
 society is universal having no boundary or limits.

 family is the force of biological interdependence

of society.

Society is the mutual interaction of individuals. It is

invisible.

Active cooperation is the back bone of the society.

Liberty is regulated through the mutual
agreement of individuals.
Likeness of members is the essential
pre-requisite for society.
Origin of society.
There are three theories explaining the origin

of society.
Social contract theory.

Organic theory.

Group mind theory.

Social contract theory.
Society is based on some original contracts

between the individuals.

Society was formed to protect man against it’s

unbridled nature.
Society was evolved to maintain a state of peace

and justice in nature.

Organic theory.
Society is a biological system.

Society is an animal body.

Industrial and agricultural systems are the

nutritional systems of the society.
Individual persons are the cells of the society.

Communication and transport are the heart, veins

and arteries of the society.
Criticism
Society has an abstract phenomenon whereas

human body has a definite form.

Individuals can work in an organic manner where as

a body cell can not.

Group mind theory
Society is an embodiment of an absolute mind.

State is the higher form of the individual, which

gives meaning to it.

conclusion
Obedience, loyalty, kinship, authority, order and

expediency of faith are impatient elements of

society on which the prosperity of society relies.

Social structure.
The nature of society is based on the social
structure.
It is an organized relationship between the basic
components of the society.
It makes society workable in an orderly manner.

The most important constituents of the society are

the groups, statuses, roles and institutions.
groups
Group is an aggregate of individuals playing

interrelated roles.
The characters of a social group are understanding,

cooperation, unity, relations.

Groups can be primary and secondary.

Primary group consists of a small number of people.

Interaction is for a relatively long period.

Interaction is informal.

e.g.. Families, group of friends.

 secondary group consists of people who interact in

a temporary manner.
These groups know each other in a particular
formal roles.
Secondary groups are formed to serve a specific
purpose.
statuses
The well defined position of an individual in the

society is known as the status.

It determines whether a person fits in the society,

and his relations.

Status is achieved at the time of birth.

It can be changed.

roles
Set of approved and expected behavior patterns

consisting of both duties and privileges.

Performance of a conspicuous part of a task is a

role.
institutions
Every society needs a vast complex institutions

such as education, family, religion, property etc.

Institutions meets fundamental requirements and

provides a satisfying life to the individuals.

Family is the strongest institution.

Types of societies.
Different societies has used different subsistent

strategies while exploiting the food resources.

Societies applying more productive approach has

always superseded the primitive society.

Based on the food gathering societies can be classified

into five groups.

Hunting gathering and tribal societies.

Pastoral societies

Horticultural societies

Agricultural societies

Industrial societies
Hunting and gathering societies consists of very

small groups.
They live in primary groups.

They require large territories to support

themselves.
 their requirements are less and easily satisfied.

They work less as compared to other societies.

They keep on moving from area to area as soon as

they have exhausted the resources.

Their social structure is simple.

The family is only defined institution in these

societies. warfare is absolutely uncommon among

these people.
Pastoral societies are outcome of gathering and

hunting societies.
They are indulged in raring herds of animals

domestically.
These people find food directly from these animals.

This society is more productive than the hunters.

They are nomadic and carry their herds to new

grazing grounds.
They carry easily transportable items along with

them.

They believe in gods who take active interest in

human affairs.

A few religions such as Christianity, Judaism and

Islam originated among the pastoral societies.

Horticultural societies originated at the same time as

the pastorals, but they lead more settled life as

compared to the them.

They move periodically but to a short distance.

They are specialized in domestication of plants.

Their strategy is based on slash and burn technology.

It is quite effective and supply surplus amount of

food.

It is affected by emergence of roles and status.

Warfare is quite common in these kind of societies.

Agricultural societies believe in obtaining the food from

the land on a large scale.

The use of plough greatly increases the productivity of

the land, as it brings the surface nutrients sunk out of

the reach of the roots.

The use of animal power increases the productivity

several times.
The potential size of this society is more then

horticultural and pastoral society.

The wealth is unevenly distributed with a small majority

of people enjoy the surplus produce by working society.

Power is concentrated in the hands of a single

individual.

Money is used as a medium of exchange.

Trade is more elaborate.

The industrial mode of production began in England
250 years ago.
Proved quite successful and spread all over the
world effectively.
Application of scientific knowledge to the
technology of production is the basis industrial
societies.
This system allows small proportion of population
to feed the majority.
This society enables new energy sources to be

harnessed and permitting machines to do the work.

Features of industrial societies.
Emergence of modern families.

Powerful economic institutions.

Domination of management and division of labor in

factories.

Social mobility and change of status prevails.

More economic avenues for women.

  PRESENTED BY :-

ANISH VERMA

NITIN KAPIL

 UTKARSH GAUTAM

ASHISH AGRAWAL

ARPIT JAIN

B. ARCH. (B.C.T.)
V SEMESTER
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