Basic Work Accident Causation Theory

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Training Course Format

Lecture
Interactive

Discussions Table Top Exercises Role Playing Field Exercises

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Introduction to Safety Programming

For the awareness of the participant of the wide scope of Safety, the following is a listing of 40 safety program elements This list includes the subjects of the Basic Occupational Safety and Health Course.

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Elements of the Safety Program

1. Roles of Construction Safety & Health Officer 2. Construction Sites 3. Hazards ID, Assessment & Control 4. Job Hazards Analysis 5. Construction safety and health programming for construction sites 6. Construction site inspection 7. Welding safety
(Highlighted elements compose the CS&H course.) 4
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Elements of the Safety Program

8. Safety reports and records 9. Confined space entry 10. Tools and equipment safety 11. Environmental safety 12. Public Safety 13. Emergency Preparedness 14. Management of change
(Highlighted elements compose the CS&H course.)
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Elements of the Safety Program

15. Confined space entry 16. Safety compliance audit 17. Work Permit System 18. Ergonomics 19. Radiation safety 20. Hiring and placement 21. First Aid
(Highlighted elements compose the CS&H course.)
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Elements of the Safety Program

22. Safety Committees 23. Contractors/ Sub contractors 24. Control of Hazardous Energy 25. Training and retraining 26. OSH and Industrial Hygiene 27. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 28. Fire Safety
(Highlighted elements compose the CS&H course.)
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Elements of the Safety Program

29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. Safety Promotions Accident investigation Safety Communication/ Motivation Fall protection & prevention Electrical Safety/LO/TO Excavation safety Construction machinery

(Highlighted elements compose the CS&H course.)

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Elements of the Safety Program

35. Maintenance Safety 37. Radiation safety 38. Work Process Information 39. HazMats Safe Handling/ Storage Use and Disposal 40. OSH Regulations in Construction Industry (D.O. 13)
(Highlighted elements compose the CS&H course.)
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THE WORK ACCIDENT

A Work Accident shall mean an unplanned or unexpected occurrence that results in personal injury, property damage, work stoppage or interference or combination thereof which arises out of and in the course of employment.

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THE INCIDENT OR NEAR MISS

An Incident or Near Miss is an unplanned or unexpected occurrence that does not result in personal injury, and property damage.

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The Domino Theory

Lack of Controls Lack of Controls
Inadequate

Basic Causes

(Why do Accidents Happen)

Immediate Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions Accident Time Date Place Event Losses Person Injuries Property Damage Unquant ified Losses

Personal Factors Job Factors

Controls
Inadequate

Compliance

to Controls

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The Domino Theory

Classification of Personnel Injury:
Death,

Losses Person Injuries Property Damage Unquant ified Losses

Permanent Total Disability

Lost

Time Accident (LTA)

Non-Lost

Accidents

Time

Restricted

Work Cases or Light Duty Work Hospitalization & ECC Benefits

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First

Aid Cases (FACs)

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The Losses from Accidents

Reporting Requirements Accidents resulting in death or permanent total disability must be initially reported to DOLE within 24 hours of occurrence. All other Types of Injuries such as NLTAs, RWCs, FACs for reporting on or before 20th day of the following month using form IP-6

-Rule 1053.01 POSH Manual

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The Domino Theory

Types of Property Losses Damages for Reporting to DOLE: Person Injuries Explosions of boilers, air Property receivers, Damage Collapse of crane, derrick, hoist Unquant
Fire

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Property Damage

causing damage to any room where persons are employed

-Rule

ified Losses

1053.02

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The Domino Theory

Time
Accident Time Date Place Event, Type of Accident Losses Person Injuries Damage to Property Unquant ified Losses

Date
Place Occurrence

(refer to types of accidents)

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Types of Accidents
Exposure Accident:
Two workers assigned to monitor the boiler were overcome by CO gases when the vapors from the boiler engine accumulated in the boiler room. The ventilation blower was not working properly.
How could this fatalities been prevented? Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Exposure accidents? How can you prevent them?
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Types of Accidents
Contact-By Accident:
A truck driver was using compressed air to unload acid into a storage tank. During the process the unloading hose burst spraying him and other workers with acid. How could this injury been prevented?
Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Contact-By injuries?

How can you prevent them?

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Types of Accidents
Struck-By Accident:
An employee was watching a coworker sledge a bolt into place on a casting. He was not wearing eye protection. After several blows had been struck, a sliver of steel broke off the bolt struck him in the eye. How could this injury been prevented?

Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Struck By injuries?
How can you prevent them?

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Types of Accidents
Contact With Accident:
A worker was erecting a steel beam outside the maintenance shop. While lifting the beam, the beam made contact with overhead electrical wires. He suffered serious electrical burns.
How could this injury been prevented? Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Struck-Against injuries? How can you prevent them?
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Types of Accidents
Struck-Against Accident:
The worker was attempting to remove the coupling box from a roll stand. He positioned a long metal bar in the hole at the top of the coupling box and applied force to the box. The bar slipped from the hole, causing him to fall backwards. He struck his back against the mill housing. How could this injury been prevented? Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Struck-Against injuries? How can you prevent them?
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Types of Accidents
Same Level Fall Accident:
An office clerk was crossing railroad tracks to pick up time sheets from the shipping office. As he was crossing he stepped on one of the rails, his foot slipped and he fell to the ground.
How could this injury been prevented? Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Same Level Fall injuries? How can you prevent them?

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Types of Accidents
Different Level Fall Accident:
A worker was standing on a platform 12 feet above ground replacing a guard on the motor of a bucket elevator. The platform did not have a railing around it. When he stepped back he fell of the platform.
How could this injury been prevented? Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Different Level Fall injuries? How can you prevent them?
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Types of Accidents
Overexertion Accident:
A worker was attempting to carry a 12-foot metal ladder in a vertical position. The top of the ladder leaned sideways and he injured his back while trying to hold the ladder from falling. How could this injury been prevented?
Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Overexertion injuries?

How can you prevent them?

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Types of Accidents
Caught-On Accident:
A worker was getting off a moving railcar. As he was getting of, the ring on his finger got caught on the pipe coupling joining the two sections of metal railing. His finger was amputated from his hand.

How could this injury been prevented?

Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Caught-On injuries? How can you prevent them?

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Types of Accidents
Caught Between Accident:
A worker was using a scraper to push coal spillage back into a coal conveyor. As he was pushing coal back into the conveyor his glove got caught between the belt and an idler roll.
How could this injury been prevented? Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Caught Between injuries? How can you prevent them?
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Types of Accidents
Trapped-In Accident:
A worker entered a lateral section of sewer pipe to inspect the lining. When he reached a vertical section he fell inside and was unable to climb out. He was rescued by using a retrieval line.
How could this injury been prevented? Are any hazards or conditions in your work area that could result in Trapped-In accidents? How can you prevent them?
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The Immediate Causes Unsafe Acts + Unsafe Conditions = Accidents and Incidents
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Accidents / Incidents Triangle

1 LTA
10 Medical Treatment Cases 30 Property Damages

600 Incidents or Near Misses (indicators of Unsafe Acts /Conditions)

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Statistics Study of Industrial Accidents 29

Accidents / Incidents Triangle

In 1969, a study of industrial accidents was undertaken by the Director of Engineering Services for the Insurance Company of North America. An analysis was made of 1,753,498 accidents reported by 297 cooperating companies. These companies represented 21 different industrial groups, employing 1,750,000 employees who worked over 3 billion man-hours during the exposure period analyzed. The accidents/incidents ratio is 1 : 10 : 30 : 600.

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Accidents / Incidents Triangle

To prevent one serious accident, you have to identify and correct the 600 potential accidents, incidents, or near misses.
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Accidents / Incidents Triangle

This is the reason why we are encouraging everyone to submit SHE Alerts and very vital in eliminating potential accidents or near misses. In the offices, the Opportunities For Improvement (OFI) system can be used in order to identify the potential accidents in their area.
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Accidents / Incidents Iceberg

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The Domino Theory

Immediate Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions Accident Time Date Place Event Losses Person Injuries Property Damage Unquant ified Losses

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The Immediate Causes

1. UNSAFE ACTS *Operating equipment without training and certificate *Failure to give warning *Failure to secure equipment, materials *Running at to high a speed *Tampering with safety devices.
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The Immediate Causes

2. UNSAFE CONDITIONS -Poor housekeeping -Poor ventilation -High temperatures -High Noise levels -Radiation hazard.
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The Immediate Causes

2. UNSAFE CONDITIONS -Guards, barriers not adequate -PPE not adequate -Defective equipment, materials, etc -Restricted workplace -Fire, flammable, explosion hazards.
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The Domino Theory

Basic Causes Personal Factors Job Factors Immediate Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions Accident Time Date Place Event Losses Person Injuries Damage to Property Unquant ified Losses

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Basic Causes of Accidents

1. PERSONAL FACTORS -Inadequate physical capacity as: -lack of height, -lack of heft, etc -Physical Stress as: -injury, -fatigue, -illness, diabetic condition, etc.
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Basic Causes of Accidents

1. PERSONAL FACTORS (continuation) -Inadequate mental ability as: -mental illness, -mechanical inaptitude, -poor judgment, -memory failure, -etc.
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Basic Causes of Accidents

1. PERSONAL FACTORS (continuation) *Mental stress as: -emotional overload, -frustration, -routine, demanding work, -meaningless work.

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Basic Causes of Accidents

1. PERSONAL FACTORS (continuation) *Lack of knowledge and training, -lack of practice, -lack of coaching, -lack of skill *Improper motivation (this will be addressed in another module on Safety Motivation).
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The Domino Theory

Basic Causes Personal Factors Job Factors Immediate Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions Accident Time Date Place Event Losses Person Injuries Damage to Property Unquant ified Losses

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Basic Causes of Accidents

2. JOB FACTORS *Inadequate leadership as poor supervisory skills, *Inadequate supervision *Inadequate policy, *Inadequate matching of capabilities and job requirements, etc *Inadequate Engineering as poor layout.
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Basic Causes of Accidents

2. JOB FACTORS (continuation)

*Inadequate preparation of equipment, *Poor assessment of loss exposures *Inadequate Logistics as inadequate specs, *Inadequate handling of equipment, etc *Inadequate maintenance or Poor PM, *Poor lubrication program, etc.
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Basic Causes of Accidents

2. JOB FACTORS (continuation) *Inadequate Tools and equipment *Unavailability of proper tools, *Human factors not considered, etc *Inadequate work standards *Too high requirements, *Inconsistent work descriptions, *Standards not updated.
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The Domino Theory

Lack of Controls Lack of Controls
Inadequate

Basic Causes Personal Factors Job Factors

Immediate Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions

Accident Time Date Place Event

Losses Person Injuries Property Damage Unquant ified Losses

Controls
Inadequate

Compliance

to Controls

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Lack of Controls Lack of Controls

Inadequate

The Domino Theory

Basic Causes Personal Factors Job Factors Immediate Causes Unsafe Acts Unsafe Conditions Accident Time Date Place Event Losses Person Injuries Damage to Property Unquant ified Losses

Controls
Inadequate

Compliance

to Controls

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Loss of Control
o Inadequate Controls are common cause of confusion and failure of controls not specific not clear not high o Adequate Controls are: Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Time bound WSO-STS

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Loss of Control
Summary
Many managers feel that inadequate compliance is the single greatest reason for failure to control accident loss However, studies have shown that inadequate or lack of controls may be the main reason for failure to control occurrence of accidents.
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Safety Integration
We now have an overview of the Causes of Accidents and how to Prevent Accidents We also have a list of Elements of the Safety Program May we request each Participant to pick an Element and assign it to on one of the Dominoes to help prevent it from falling.

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