GastroIntestinal System

Chapter 7

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Student Objectives
Explain

the main functions of the gastrointestinal system. Identify the main organs and accessory organs. Explain the role of the liver and gallbladder in digestion.

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Student Objectives
Identify

combining forms, suffixes, and prefixes related to the GI system. Discuss pathology related to the GI system. Identify diagnostic, symptomatic, and therapeutic terms related to the GI system. Identify abbreviations and pharmacology related to the GI system.
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Anatomy/Physiology
Responsible

for the intake, digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste. Alimentary Canal (GI tract) Aliment/o - to nourish
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Accessory Digestive Organs

Teeth
tongue salivary liver gallbladder

glands

pancreas

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Oral Cavity
Mouth Teech

(bucca, tongue)

papillae mastication dentin pulp gingiva

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Teeth
Maxillary

arch (upper) Mandibular arch (lower)

anterior teeth for biting and tearing posterior teeth for chewing and grinding

dent/i

- teeth decidu/o - shedding Primary - 20 teeth Permanent - 32 teeth

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Oral Cavity
Palate,

hard and soft

bolus
Pharynx Uvula Esophagus

Epiglottis

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Esophagus
Gullet chyme

cardiac,

or lower esophageal or gastroesophageal sphincter

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Stomach
Body,

fundus pylorus rugae pyloric sphincter

Fundus

Body

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Small Intestine
small

bowel enter/o - small intestine villi Parts

duodenum jejunum ileum
ileocecal

valve
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Large Intestine
Large

Bowel col/o or colon/o cecum vermiform appendix

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 Colon

ascending hepatic flexure transverse splenic flexure descending

Sigmoid

Rectum
Anus
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Liver - hepat/o
Functions

production of bile glucose - glycogen storage of vitamins, B12, A, D, E, K erythrocytolysis (pigment released eliminated in bile called bilirubin) bilirubin gives stool its characteristic dark color removes toxins from blood manufactures blood proteins
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Pancreas
internal

- endocrine function

insulin glucogon
external

- exocrine function

amylase - carbohydrates trypsin, chymotrypsin - proteins lipase - fats

enzymes

inactive until reach duodenum

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Gallbladder
pear-shaped

sac under the liver chol/e means bile or gall cyst/o means cyst or sac gallbladder contracts forcing bile out cystic duct into common bile duct.

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Bile
is a digestive juice- emulsifier acts on fat in a way that lipid enzymes can digest fat travels via hepatic duct to cystic duct to gall bladder, where stored bile consists of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin (a colored substance resulting from breakdown of hemoglobin) bilirubin gives bile yellow or orange color Health Sciences Department, Rogers State University
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bile

Stomach during Digestion

Gastric

juices

HCL - activates enzymes protease pepsin lipase

Chyme

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Small Intestine during Digestion

digestion

completed in small intestine chyme mixed with bile and pancreatic juices emulsification absorption

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Large Intestine
receive

fluid waste products and store until released from body. excess water absorbed feces, stools defecation, or bowel movement
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Pathology - Ulcers
Gastric

ulcers Peptic ulcers Ulcerative Colitis

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Pathology - Hernias
Diaphragmatic
Hiatal,

Gastroesophageal Inguinal Umbilical

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Bowel Obstructions
Volvulus

Ischemia Necrosis Peritonitis

Intussusception

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Hemorrhoids
Internal
External Hemorrhoidectomy

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Liver Disorders
Yellow

skin - jaundice, icterus Hepatitis

Type A - fecal, oral Type B - parenteral, sexual, perinatal Type C - parenteral to blood, blood products

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Diverticulosis
Diverticulitis
obstipation diverticulectomy

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Oncology
Neoplasn

from epithelial lining

gastric adenocarcinoma esophageal carcinomas hepatocellular carcinomas pancreatic carcinomas

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Aerophagia
anorexia appendicitis ascites borborygmus

bulimia

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

cachexia
cholelithiasis cleft

palate Crohns disease cirrhosis colic

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

deglutition
dysentery dysphagia eructation fecalith

flatus
gastroesophageal

reflux disease
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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Halitosis
hematemesis irritable

bowel syndrome leukoplakia malabsorption syndrome melena obstipation

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Diagnostic, Symptomatic, Therapeutic Terms

Peristalsis
pyloric

stenosis regurgitation steatorrhea visceroptosis

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Abbreviations
Ac
bid hs

qd
qh q2h

NPO
pc, PO PRN qam,

qid
qod qpm, stat

pp

qn

qm

tid
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Diagnostic Abbreviations
ABC
alk Ba

GB
GTT IVCPUD

phos

BaE
Dx EGD FBS

SGOT
UGI

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Other Abbreviations
BM
GERD GI

IV
LLQ LUQ

HAV
HBV IBS

PE
PMH RUQ

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