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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

Definitions
Sex biological category based on genitals Gender psychological experience based on ones sex Gender identity subjective view of being male or female Gender role masculine or feminine behaviors defined by ones culture Sexuality behaviors to obtain sexual pleasure Sexual orientation sexual partner preference
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender Identity and Gender Roles

Gender identity
Develops in infancy; learned from expectations

Gender roles
Expectations of culture; feminine and masculine behaviors and characteristics Androgynous a person possessing both traditional feminine and masculine traits Those with positive traits well adapted

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender: Similarities and Differences

Different does not mean inferior Average differences:
Only women give birth Women perform better: Language skills Verbal memory Perceptual speed Fine motor skills Reading skills Spatial memory
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Men are stronger Men perform better: Mathematics Science Social studies Computer science Electronics Automotive

Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender: Similarities and Differences

Differences between male and female much smaller than differences within each gender group
Women receive higher school grades in math courses at all grade levels suggesting women are better prepared for careers in scientific and technological fields

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender Differences
Emotional and social behavior
Differences tend to be larger than differences in cognitive performance
Women are more likely than men to be

Nurturing
Friendly, helpful Open, trusting Cooperative Able to hide emotions Anxious and depressed Have low self-esteem

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender Differences
Emotional and social behavior
Men are more likely than women to
Be competitive Be dominant

Be assertive
Engage in risky behaviors Use physical aggression Commit more types of crimes
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior

Men
Think about, want sex more often than women Prefer a younger mate, physically attractive, with good housekeeping skills On average, sexually jealous and controlling; threatened more by sexual infidelity Comfortable with oneself having casual sex

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Gender differences in Mating and Sexual Behavior

Women
Prefer an older mate Prefer mate with high earning potential Prefer partner of good character Be threatened by emotional infidelity Restrict sex to potential long-term partners

How do women find men of good character?

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Origins of Gender Differences

Differences in brain
Related to reproduction Male cerebral cortex 10% larger Right hemisphere larger than left in adult men Larger corpus callosum in women; greater integration of hemispheres Subcortical area of brain grows more rapidly and larger in adult men

Biological differences exist but behavior differences also learned

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Evolutionary Psychology and Gender Differences

Based on Darwins ideas evolutionary pressure to reproduce
Evolutionary pressures associated with Hunting Selection of dominance, aggression Created by child care Gender differences in parental investment Mate selection

Critiques of theory
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Social Role Theory: Gender Differences

Gender differences created by
Societys division of labor Social roles created for men and women Opportunities Challenges Learning experiences Restrictions

Critique of social role theory

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Development of Gender Identity and Roles

By age 2 to 3, child knows self as boy/girl
Differences noticed in their play, toy selection

At age 7, concrete operational stage reached

Children have stable concept of what it means to be boys and girls

Recognition of differences based on superficial physical features

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Theories of Gender Identity

Psychoanalytic theory
Same sex identification occurred to win approval of both parents, avoid rejection Cannot explain single-parent family occurrence

Social learning theory

Learned through observation, imitation, reinforcement and punishment Parent reinforce identity consistent with biological sex classification
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Orientation
Heterosexual preferences Homosexual orientation or preferences
Men: gay and Women: lesbian Women more likely to identify as homosexual and return to heterosexual identity

Bisexuality likes same-sex and opposite sex partners Many myths/stereotypes on homosexuality, bisexuality used to justify discrimination
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Percentage of U.S. persons having a sexual experience with a person of the same sex
10 8 6

Males Females

Percent
4 2

0
Since puberty Since 18 Last year

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Stigmatization, Stress, and Sexual Orientation

Strong stigmatization still exists
Gays/lesbians still not comfortable being open Gays at greater risk of HIV/AIDS Gay/lesbian teens at greater risk for depression, suicide, and substance abuse

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Origins of Sexual Orientation

Do some learn homosexuality?
Sambian people of New Guinea Social learning plays role in combination with biological predisposition to homosexuality Verified by identical twin studies Prenatal atypical levels of sex hormones Gay males more likely to be later-born males Homosexual brain real structure difference

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Human Diversity
Gay and lesbians in the military
Controversy over lifting of ban on service Government policy denied security clearance Herek research gays/lesbians are security risks and unfit for military service History of discrimination in military African Americans Females in combat

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Biological and Psychological Aspects of Sexuality

Sexuality
depicted in art in earliest civilizations Ellis studied social, cultural influences shaping sexual behavior; first to study homosexuality
Both sexes have similar sexual desires Anxiety, depression can affect physical sexual functioning

Kinsey did large surveys on types of sexuality Masters and Johnson observed sexual responses
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Anatomy and Functioning

Females

Males
Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Semen Prostate gland Seminal vesicle Penis Scrotum Testes affected by, respond to temperature

Uterus Fallopian tubes Cervix Vulva Mons Labia majora Labia minora Clitorus Last 3 play critical role in sexual response

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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The Sexual Response Cycle

Predictable biological response; many similarities and differences between cycles of men and women Masters and Johnson four stages
Excitement phase Plateau stage Orgasmic phase Resolution phase Refractory period male is unresponsive

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Motivation
Primary motive survival of the species Similarities to other primary motives
Hypothalamic control Role of external stimuli (incentives) Coolidge effect urge to repeat intercourse Role of learning (pleasure giving learned) Role of emotions (sexual passion, anxieties, and romantic love)

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Differences
Between sex and other primary motives
Survival value (for species, not individual) Increases and decreases in arousal Role of deprivation (arousal almost anytime, do not need it until one has it) Decreases in energy

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Hormones and Sexual Behavior

Animals females in heat, males have rutting seasons for mating Humans - females
Greater sexual interest when ovulating During ovualtion: find healthy males scent, masculine face, and social dominance more sexually attractive Body chemicals detected in nursing moms increased sexual desire of other women
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Patterns of Sexual Behavior

University of Chicago large-scale survey
Majority over 18 not promiscuous in a year (few of both sexes had multiple partners) Marrieds: majority had sex with only spouse Average American over lifetime faithful in relationship called serial monogamy Most adults have sex less than once a week Vaginal intercourse preferred but not only one (oral sex ranks high in preference)
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Slide 27

Number of sex partners for men and women

Males Females
80 80

60 Percent 40

60 Percent 40

20

20

2-4

5+

2-4 5-9 10-20

21+

Number of sex partners (last 12 months)

Number of sex partners (since age 18)

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Males Females 40

30 Percent

Frequency of sex with a partner over the last year

20

10

0 Not at all

Few times Few times a year a month

2-3 times a week

4+ times a week

Frequency of sex with a partner

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Patterns of Sexual Behavior

University of Chicago large-scale survey
Very few prefer anal sex Hispanic men and women reported somewhat higher frequencies of sex African American males first sex at age 15 (other groups: first intercourse at 17 years) Happy sex life is in committed relationships; sex more frequent than for unhappy persons

Avoid trap of normal or average rating

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Atypical and Abnormal Sexual Behavior

Atypical, abnormal pattern if seen as such by those engaging in the behaviors
Transvestism: dress in clothes of opposite sex

Transexualism: feeling trapped in wrong body

Sex-change operations like Rene Richards Fetishism: aroused by inanimate objects

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Atypical and Abnormal Sexual Behavior

Sexual sadism: sexual pleasure when giving pain to others
Masochism: receiving pain gives sexual pleasure Voyeurism: sexual pleasure from undecteted watching others undressing, in sexual activities Exhibitionism: sexual pleasure from exposing genitals to others most are heterosexual males

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Forced Sexual Behavior

Deviant sexual behavior
Rape forced sexual act, majority raped are women (1 raped every 6 minutes in U.S.) Most by someone they knew well Similar patterns across age, ethnic groups, places of residence, levels of education, and marital groups Rape trauma syndrome: serious psychological effects; society blames victims, promotes myths

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Myths
Going to mans place on first date implies wanting sex Women report false rapes for attention Healthy woman can resist rapist Women going braless or wearing short skirts are asking for trouble

Facts
Nothing implied; rapists distort perceptions to fit their beliefs Women rarely report false rape; its traumatic Rapes are brutal and violent; resistance may worsen event No victim asks for it; rapists responsible for own action

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Abuse of Children

Many sexually assaulted and exploited
Incest: sexual contact between family members Child rape: use or threat of force Child molestation: no use or threat of force, typically most are heterosexual males with young girl victims Pedophilia: sexual pleasure from primarily from contact with children Most rapists, molesters known to child and have violated hundreds before being caught
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Harassment
Definition
Unwanted sexual advances Requests for sexual favors Unwanted touching Sexually suggestive words Any form of coercive sexual behavior by others Leering looks causing discomfort Men are victims, too (but less common) Occurs anywhere, based on power differences Psychological effects can cause harm Hill-Thomas case Laws and policies exist to protect

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Dysfunction
Problems that interfere
Sexual dysfunctions disturbances in any phase of sexual response cycle
Classified according to phase disrupted

Dysfunctions of sexual desire

Inhibited: infrequent/no desire Sexual aversion disorder: fearful, avoids

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Dysfunction
Dysfunction of sexual arousal Female sexual arousal disorder: dry vagina, lack of excitement Vaginismus: too narrow for sex comfort Dyspaeunia: pain during intercourse Male sexual arousal disorder Erectile dysfunction: impotence

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexual Dysfunction
Orgasm dysfunctions Inhibited female orgasm: sexual stimulation and arousal fail Premature ejaculation Retarded ejaculation: orgasm is rare

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Health Problems
Cancers
Breast Cervix Uterus Ovaries Prostate Testes

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

Syphilis: caused by bacterium 3 stages of infection Gonorrhea: bacterial infection Chlamydia: organisms invade several types of body cells Pubic lice or crabs

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)

Genital herpes: type 1 and type 2 Genital warts: human papilloma virus Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV transmitted through blood, semen and vaginal fluids, breast milk Current stats show worldwide pandemic highest rates in Africa, Asia, S. America

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Homosexual sex Inject drugs Homosexual sex and inject drugs

3.4% 1.8% 7.6%

Blood recipient Heterosexual sex Other

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Cases of AIDS and acquisition

3.8%

6.6%
13.4%

21.2%

59.4%
37.9% 44.8%

Men

Women

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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AIDS Facts and Prevention

Overall, men more likely to get infected Women infected most by heterosexual sex Other risks with infected person
Sharing drug needles Homosexual, oral, anal sex

There are ways to lower risks of infection

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HIV/AIDS virus is found in blood, semen, and vaginal fluids

Red light activities with very high risk
Vaginal and anal intercourse without condom Oral sex to orgasm Sharing sex toys and devices

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Yellow light activities with some risk

Vaginal and anal intercourse with condom Oral sex with condom Oral sex without condom, stopping before orgasm

Green light: little or no risk

Hugging, holding hands Body rubbing, massage, touching Mutual masturbation, no contact of fluids on cuts
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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Application of Psychology
Date rape
Most victims are female with males offenders
Common on college campuses: about 1/3 of all women estimated to have experienced it

Many begin with miscommunication: female friendliness mistaken for sexual advances due to differing beliefs and attitudes about sex

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Application of Psychology
Date rape
Perpetrator: usually well-liked, did not stop sexual advances or became angry at rejection
Alcohol plays a part:

Lowers inhibitions
Often increases sexual interest Affects choices made; allows avoiding of personal responsibility

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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Guidelines
For men
It is rape when she says no If it is not clear that she consented, she has not consented If she is drunk or high, she cannot consent

For women
Communicate your wished clearly and early Alcohol mixed with sex is dangerous Even nice guys can commit rape If at risk of being raped, get help

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Gender and Sexual Orientation

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11
The End

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