Long Term Evolution

Beyond 3G
OVERVIEW
LTE targets
Network architecture
LTE Physical layer
LTE Access tecniques
MIMO
Channels
LTE Advanced



LTE TARGETs
Packet-Domain-Services only (e.g. VoIP) upon LTE, TCP/IP- based layers
Higher peak data rate/ user throughput 100 Mbps DL/50 Mbps UL @20MHz bandwidth
Reduced delay/latency user-plane latency<5ms
Improved spectrum efficiency up to 200 active users in a cell @5MHz bandwidth
Mobility optimized for low-mobility (up to 15Km/h), supported with high performance
for medium mobility (up to 120 Km/h), supported for high mobility (up to 500 Km/h)
Multimedia broadcast & multicast services
Spectrum flexibility
Multi-antennas configuration
Coverage up to 30 Km
LTE TARGETs
Network Architecture
Network Architecture E-UTRAN
User Equipment
Evolved Node B (eNB) Functionalities:
1) resource management (allocation and HO)
2) admission control
3) application of negotiated UL QoS
4) cell information broadcast
5) ciphering/deciphering of user and control plane data

Network Architecture
Evolved Packet Core
Mobility Management Entity key control-node for the LTE ac-
cess-network.
Functionalities:
1) idle mode UE tracking and paging procedure including
retransmissions
2) bearer activation/deactivation process and choice of the SGW for a
UE at the initial attach and at time of intra-LTE handover involving
Core Network (CN) node relocation
3) authentication of users : it checks the authorization of the UE to
camp on the service providers Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)
4) control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access
Network Architecture
Evolved Packet Core
Serving Gateway Functionalities:
1) routing and forwarding user data packets
2) acts as mobility anchor for the user plane during inter-eNB
handovers and for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP
3) for idle state UEs, terminates the DL data path and triggers
paging when DL data arrives for the UE
4) performs replication of the user traffic in case of lawful
interception.
Network Architecture
Evolved Packet Core
Packet Data Network Gateway Functionalities:
1) provides connectivity to the UE to external packet data
networks (IP adresses..). A UE may have simultaneous
connectivity with more than one PDN GW for accessing
multiple PDNs
2) performs policy enforcement, packet filtering for each user,
charging support, lawful Interception and packet screening
3) acst as the anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP
technologies (WiMAX)
LTE PHY Layer
+ Includes methods for contrasting distortion due to multipath:
a) OFDM
b) MIMO
+ New access method scheme:
a) OFDMA
b) SC-FDMA
Multipath effects
ISI induced by multipath time-domain effect of multipath
Frequency selectivity frequency-domain effect of multipath
Spectrum flexibility
Possibility for using all cellular bands (45o MHz, 800 MHz,
900 MHz, 1700 MHz, 1900 MHz, 2100MHz, 2600MHz)
Differently-sized spectrum allocations
- up to 20 MHz for high data rates
- less than 5 MHz for migration from 2G technologies
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Eliminates ISI problems simplification of channel equalization
OFDM breaks the bandwidth into multiple narrower QAM-modulated
subcarriers (parallel data transmissions) OFDM symbol is a linear
combination of signals (each sub-carrier)

VERY LONG SYMBOLS!!!
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
Cyclic prefix duration linked with highest degree of delay spread
Possible interference within a CP of two symbols
FTT PERIOD
OFDM Problems
Zero ICI achieved if OFDM symbol is sampled exactly at its center f (14/45 KHz..)
FFT is realized at baseband after down-conversion from RF
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Multiplexing scheme for LTE DL more efficient in terms of LATENCY than
classical packet oriented schemes (CSMA/CA)
Certain number of sub-carriers assigned to each user for a specific time
interval Physical Resource Block (time-frequency dimension)

FRAME STRUCTURE:
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
Resource element 1 subcarrier
for each symbol period
PRB is the smallest element for
resource allocation contains 12
consecutives subcarriers for 1 slot
duration
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
CARRIER ESTIMATION
PHY preamble not used for carrier set
Use of reference signals transmitted
in specific position (e.g. I and V OFDM
symbols) every 6 sub-carriers
INTERPOLATION is used for
estimation of other sub-carriers
Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIMO CHANNEL
Definition of a time-varying channel response for each antenna:
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Multiple Input Multiple Output
In LTE each channel response is estimated thanks to pilot signals
transmitted for each antenna
When an antenna is transmitting her references, the others are idle.
Once the channel matrix is known, data are transmitted simultaneously.
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Advantages:
1) Higher data rate more than one flow simultaneously
2) Spatial diversity taking advantage from multiple paths
multipath as a resource
- Disadvantages:
1) Complexity
LTE admitted configurations:
- UL: 1x1 ,1x2
-DL: 1x1, 1x2, 2x2, 4x2

Multiple Input Multiple Output
MIMO techniques in LTE:
1) SU-MIMO
2) Transmit diversity
3) Closed loop rank 1
4) MU- MIMO
5) Beamforming

Single User MIMO
Two way to work:
- Closed Loop
- Open Loop
CLOSED LOOP SU-MIMO
eNodeB applies a pre-codification on the transmitted signal,
according to the UE channel perception.

Tx Rx
- RI: rank indicator
- PMI: Precoding Matrix Indicator
- CQI: Channel Quality Indicator
Single User MIMO
OPEN LOOP SU-MIMO
Used when the feedback rate is too low and/or the feedback
overhead is too heavy.
eNodeB applies a pre-coded cycling scheme to all the
transmitted subcarriers .
Tx
Rx
Other MIMO Techniques
Transmit diversity
Many different antennas transmit the same signal. At the receiver, the spatial diversity is
exploited by using combining techniques.
Closed Loop Rank-1
The same as the closed loop with RI=1 this assumption reduces the riTx overhead.
Multi User MIMO, MU-MIMO
The eNodeB can Tx and Rx from more than one user by using the same time-frequency
resource Need of orthogonal reference signals.
BEAMFORMING
The eNodeB uses the antenna beams as well as an antenna array.


Single Carrier FDMA
Access scheme for UL different requirements for power consumption!!
OFDMA is affected by a high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio). This fact has a negative influence on the
power amplifier development.

Single Carrier FDMA
Single Carrier FDMA
2 ways for mapping sub-carriers
Assigning group of frequencies with good propagation conditions for
UL UE
The subcarrier bandwidth is related to the Doppler effect when the
mobile velocity is about 250 Km/h

DL CHANNELS and SIGNALS
Physical channels: convey info from higher layers
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
- data and multimedia transport
- very high data rates supported
- BPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
- Specific UE information
- Only available modulation (QPSK) robustness preferred
DL CHANNELS and SIGNALS
Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH)
- Cell wide control information
- Only QPSK available
- Transmitted as closed as the center frequency as possible


Physical signals: convey information used only in PHY layer
1) Reference signals for channel response estimation (CIR)
2) Synchronization signals for network timing

TRANSPORT CHANNELS
1) Broadcast channel (BCH)
2) Downlink Shared channel (DL-SCH)
- Link adaptation
- Suitable for using beamforming
- Discontinuous receiving/ power saving
1) Paging channel (PGH)
2) Multicast channel (MCH)


UL CHANNELS
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
- BPSK, 16 QAM, 64 QAM
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
- Convey channel quality information
- ACK
- Scheduling request
Uplink Shared channel (UL-SCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
UL SIGNALS
Random Access Preamble transmitted by UE when cell
searching starts
Reference signal
CHANNEL MAPPING
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
Beyond the future: LTE Advanced
Relay NodesUE
Dual TX antenna solutions for SU-MIMO and diversity MIMO
Scalable system bandwidth exceeding 20 MHz, Potentially up to 100 MHz
Local area optimization of air interfaceNomadic / Local Area network and mobility solutions
Flexible Spectrum Usage / Cognitive radio
Automatic and autonomous network configuration and operation
Enhanced precoding and forward error correction
Interference management and suppression
Asymmetric bandwidth assignment for FDD
Hybrid OFDMA and SC-FDMA in uplinkUL/DL inter eNB coordinated MIMO