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CPM Objective
To estimate the total project duration and to assign starting and finishing times to all activities involved in the project
Important Notations
Ei = Earliest occurrence time of an event (I.e. The earliest time for an event to occur immediately after al the preceding activities have been completed without delaying the entire project) Li = Latest allowable time for an event (I.e. The latest time at which an event can occur without causing a delay in already determined projects completion time)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Design new premises Obtain tenders from the contractors Select the contractor Arrange details with the selected contractor Decide which equipment to be used Arrange storage of equipment Arrange disposal of other equipment Order new equipment Take delivery of new equipment Renovations take place Remove old equipment Cleaning Return old equipment
14 4 2 1 2 3 2 4 3 12 4 2 2
8
J(12) E9=37 L9=37 E11=41 L11=42
9
L(2)
11
M(2)
I (3)
E12=42 L12=42
Floats
Calculated for non critical activity or non critical event The length of time to which a non critical activity and/or an event can be delayed or extended without delaying the total project completion time Float can be called as slack or free time also
Float on event
Float slack of an event is the difference between its latest occurrence time and its earliest occurrence time Event float = Li-Ei Event float is 0 for critical events (I.e. L = E)
Float on activities
The length of free time available within the estimated times of non-critical activities 3 types of float for non-critical activities
Total float Free float Independent float
Total float
Length of time by which an activity can be delayed if all its predecessor activities are completed at its earliest possible time and all successor activities can be delayed until their latest permissible time Total float TFij= (Lj-tij)-Ei
Free float
Time by which the completion of an activity can be delayed without causing any delay in its immediate succeeding activities Free float FFij= (Ej-Ei)-tij
Independent float
Amount of time available when preceding activities are completed at their latest permissible times and the following activities can still be completed at their earliest possible times Independent float IFij=(Ej-Li)-tij Negative value of independent float is considered as 0
Further on floats
Latest occurrence time of an event is always greater than or equal to its earliest occurrence time. This implies Independent float < Free float < Total float Floats help in identifying underutilized resources,flexibility in the total schedule and possibilities of redeployment of resources Once a float of an activity is disturbed, float for all other activities of the project is changed and should be recalculated