CU7201 WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS UNIT II DIVERSITY

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Shannon Capacity and Mutual Information

Shannon defined capacity as the maximum mutual information of channel. Maximum error-free data rate a channel can support. Mutual information : Mutual information measures the information that X and Y share: it measures how many knowing on of these variables reduces uncertainty about the other !".

Capacity in AWGN
#onsider a discrete-time $dditive %hite &aussian 'oise ($%&') channel with channel input*output relationship. + , - where is the channel input at time - is the corresponding channel output and is a %hite &aussian 'oise random process.

.he channel S'/- the power in divided by the power in - is constant and given by +- P is transmit power- is the power spectral density of the noise with unit %*01. .he capacity of channel by Shannon2s formula: + - where the capacity units are bits per second (bps).

Channel and System Model- Flat Fading Channel

$ssume a discrete-time channel with stationary and ergodic time-varying gain 3 4 and $%&' . .he channel power gain follow a given distribution p(g) and independent of the channel input. .he channel gain can change at each time i- either as an i.i.d process or with some correlation over time.

Channel and System Model (Cont

5n !loc" fading channel g i" is constant over some blocklength T after which time g i" changes to a new independent value based on the distribution p(g). 6et 7 denote the average transmit signal power- *8 denote the noise spectral density of n i"- and 9 denote the received signal bandwidth. .he instantaneous received signal-to-noise ratio (S'/) is-

and its expected value over all time is

Capacity of Flat-Fading Channels

%e will consider : different scenarios : !. #hannel ;istribution 5nformation (#;5) : .he distribution of g i" is known to the transmitter and receiver. 8. /eceiver #S5 : .he value of g i" is known at the receiver at time i- and both the transmitter and receiver know the distribution of g i". :. .ransmitter and /eceiver #S5 : .he value of g i" is known at the transmitter and receiver at time i- and both the transmitter and receiver know the distribution of g i".

Channel Side Information at #ecei$er

.he value of g i" is known at the receiver at time i- and both the transmitter and receiver know the distribution of g i". 5n this case there are two channel capacity that are relevant to system design: Shannon (ergodic) capacity and capacity with outage. Shannon capacity- <or $%&' channel -it is the max. ;ata rate that can be sent over the channel with small error probability. .he rate transmitter over the channel is constant. /elative to #S5- the transmitter cannot adopt its transmission strategy. #apacity with outage is defined as the maximum rate that can be transmitted over a channel with some outage probability corresponding to the probability that the transmission cannot be decoded with negligible error probability.

Shannon (%rgodic Capacity

Shannon capacity is e=ual to Shannon capacity for an $%&' channel with S'/ given by + - averaged over the distribution of .

9y >ensen2s ine=uality <ading reduces Shannon capacity when only the receiver has #S5. %ithout transmitter side information- the code design must incorporate the channel correlation statistics- and the complexity of the maximum likelihood decoder will be proportional to the channel decorrelation time. 5n addition- if the receiver #S5 not perfect- capacity can be significantly decreased

Capacity &ith 'utage

#apacity with outage allows bits sent over a given transmission burst to be decoded at the end of the burst with some probability that these bits will be decoded incorrectly. Specifically- the transmitter fixes a minimum receiver S'/ and encodes for a data rate + . .he data is correctly received if the instantaneous receiver S'/ is greater than or e=ual to . 5f the receiver S'/ is below then the bits received over that transmission burst cannot be decoded correctly with probability approaching one- and the receiver declares an outage. .he probability of outage is + .he average rate correctly received over many transmission bursts is-

Channel Side Information at the (ransmitter and #ecei$er

%hen both the transmitter and receiver have #S5- the transmitter can adapt its transmission strategy relative to this #S5. 5n this case there is no notion of capacity versus outage where the transmitter sends bits that cannot be decoded- since the transmitter knows the channel and thus will not send bits unless they can be decoded correctly. ;erive Shannon capacity assuming optimal power and rate adaption relative to the #S5-

Shannon Capacity
#onsider the Shannon capacity when the channel power gain g i" is known to both the transmitter and receiver at time i.

6et us now allow the transmit power S() to vary with - sub?ect to an average power constraint :

(ime )i$ersity System

Multiplexed coding and decoding to achieve the capacity given by

.he proof is @time diversityA system with multiplexed input and demultiplexed output as show below

'ptimal *o&er Allocation

.o find the optimal power allocation s( )- we form the 6agrangian

'ext we differentiate the 6agrangian and set the derivative e=ual to 1ero:

Solving for 7(B) with the constraint that 7(B) C 3 yields the optimal power adaptation that maximi1es the capacity as

'ptimal Adapti$e Scheme

7ower $daptation

#apacity

'ote that the optimal power allocation policy (D.!8) only depends on the fading distribution p(B) through the cutoff value B3. .his cutoff value is found from the power constraint.

'ptimal *o&er Control

.he optimal power allocation policy only depends on the fading distribution p(B) through the cutoff value B3. .his cutoff value is found from the power constraint. SpeciEcally- by rearranging the power constraint and replacing the ine=uality with e=uality (since using the maximum available power will always be optimal) yields the power constraint.

'ote that this expression only depends on the distribution p(B).

+ero-'utage Capacity and Channel In$ersion

+ero-'utage Capacity <ading inverted to maintain constant S'/. Simplifies design (fixed rate). Since the data rate is Exed under all channel conditions and there is no channel outage. Channel In$ersion Suboptimal transmitter adaptation scheme where the transmitter uses the #S5 to maintain a constant received power. .his power adaptation- called channel inversion- is given by 7(B)*7 + *B- where e=uals the constant received S'/ that can be maintained with the transmit power constraint. satisEes +!*F !*B". 5n /ayleigh fading F !*B" is inEnite- and thus the 1ero-outage capacity given by is 1ero.

'utage Capacity and (runcated Channel In$ersion

.he outage capacity is deEned as the maximum data rate that can be maintained by suspending transmission in bad fading states. %e can maintain a higher constant data rate in the other state and can increase the channel capacity. Gutage #apacity is achieved with a truncated inversion policy for power adaption which only compensates for fading above a certain cutoff fade depth B3:

where B3 is based on the outage probability: pout+ p(BHB3). Since the channel is only used when B C+ B3- +!*%B3 !*B"- where

'utage Capacity &ith (runcation

.he outage capacity associated with a given outage probability pout and corresponding cutoff B3 is given by

%e can also obtain the maximum outage capacity by maximi1ing outage capacity over all possible B3:

Capacity of (ime-In$ariant Fre,uency-Selecti$e Fading Channels

#onsider a time-invariant channel with fre=uency response 0(f). $ssume a total transmit power constraint 7. $ssume 0(f) is block-fading <re=uency is divided into subchannels of 9andwidth 9- where 0(f)+0? is constant over each block.

(ime-In$ariant Fre,uency-Selecti$e Fading Channel

.he fre=uency-selective fading channel consists of a set of $%&' channels in parallel with S'/ on the ?th channel- where 7 is the power allocated to the ?th channel in this parallel set- sub?ect to the power constraint ?p? H+ p.

B3 must satisfy .he capacity becomes

Waterfilling -loc" FSF %aterfilling in fre=uency selective channels

(ime-.ariant Fre,uency-Selecti$e Fading Channel

<or .5 #hannels- capacity achieved by water-filling in fre=uency. #apacity of time-varying channel is unknown. $pproximate by dividing into subband. Fach subband has with 9c. 5ndependent fading in each subband. #apacity is the sum of subband capacities.

where 5 is the capacity of the Iatfading subchannel with average power 7?