Chapter 3: Motion in two-dimensions

End of chapter 2: Free fall example

Chapter 3:
3.1: position, velocity and acceleration
vectors
3.2: 2-d motion with constant
acceleration
3.3: Projectile motion
3.4: Uniform circular motion
3.5: tangential and radial acceleration
Example
Time it reaches maximum height?
t a v v
x xi xf
+ =
(Velocity
is zero)
x
xi xf
a
v v
t

= s 04 . 2
8 . 9
20
=

=
Maximum height above roof top?
2
2
1
t a t v x x
x xi i f
+ + =
calculate x
f
for the time
obtained above
( )
2
04 . 2
2
8 . 9
04 . 2 20 =
f
x
m 4 . 20 =
Time the stone returns to the level of the roof?
2
2
1
t a t v x x
x xi i f
+ + =
make x
f
equal to x
i

0 9 . 4 20
2
= t t
0 = t
s 08 . 4 = t
beginning
end
twice
Continuation
velocity when back to roof top?
t a v v
x xi xf
+ =
Velocity and position for t = 5s
2
2
1
t a t v x x
x xi i f
+ + =
( )
2
5
2
8 . 9
5 20 =
f
x
m 5 . 22 =
08 . 4 8 . 9 20 =
xf
v m/s 20 =
t a v v
x xi xf
+ = 5 8 . 9 20 =
xf
v
m/s 0 . 29 =
xf
v
Position and velocity vectors
i
r

A
The displacement
connects the tip
of the initial
position to the
tip of the final
position
t
r
v
avg
A
A
=

t
r
v
t
A
A
=
A

0
lim
dt
r d

=
The average
velocity has
the same
direction as
the displacement
Average and instantaneous acceleration
vectors
i f
i f
avg
t t
v v
t
v
a

=
A
A
=

t
v
a
t
A
A
=
A

0
lim
dt
v d

=
The average acceleration
has the same direction as
the variation in the velocity
1. Direction of the velocity changes,
but not its magnitude
2. Magnitude changes, but not the
direction
3. Both magnitude and direction change
2-d motion with constant acceleration
j y i x r

+ =

Components of a general position in 2-dimensions

( ) j y i x
dt
d
dt
r d
v

+ = =

dt
j d
y j
dt
dy
dt
i d
x i
dt
dx

+ + + =
j
dt
dy
i
dt
dx
dt
r d
v

+ = =

j v i v
y x

+ =
x
y
a

i a
x

j a
y

t a v v
x xi x
+ =
t a v v
y yi y
+ =
( ) ( )j t a v i t a v v
y yi x xi

+ + + =

( ) ( )t j a i a j v i v
y x yi xi

+ + + =
i
v

t a v v
i

+ =
Same thing for the r=r(t) equation
2
2
1
t a t v x x
x ix i
+ + =
2
2
1
t a t v y y
y iy i
+ + =
i

2
2
1
t a t v r r
i i

+ + =
+
t a v v
i

+ =
Example
x
y
( )m/s

15

20 j i v
i
=

2
m/s

4i a =

i
v

Since the acceleration in the y direction

is zero, the movement in this direction
is at constant velocity.
Since the acceleration in the x direction
is constant, the movement in this direction
is uniformly accelerated.
Break the total movement into movements
in each separate direction (x and y):
t a v v
y yi y
+ = m/s 15 =
y
v
t a v v
x xi x
+ =
( )m/s 4 20 t v
x
+ =
( ) j i t v

15

4 20 + =

What is the velocity

and speed at t=5s?
s 5
( )m/s

15

40 j i v =

m/s 15 40
2 2
+ = v

m/s 72 . 42 = v

Projectile motion
i i yi
v v u sin =
i i xi
v v u cos =
The movement in the y
direction is at constant
acceleration and in the x
direction is at constant
velocity
Movement in
the x direction:
i i xi x
v v v u cos = =
( )t v t v x x
i i xi i
u cos = + =
Movement in
the y direction:
gt v gt v v
i i yi y
= = u sin
( )
2 2
2
sin
2
1
t
g
t v gt t v y y
i i yi i
= + = u
i i
v
x
t
u cos
=
2
cos 2
tan
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u
u
i
i
v
x g
x y
2
2 2
cos 2
tan x
v
g
x y
i i
i
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
u
u
Parabola!!
Horizontal range and maximum height
gt v v
i i y
= u sin
gt v
i i
= u sin 0
g
v
t
i i
A
u sin
=
( )
2
2
sin
A A i i
t
g
t v h = u
2
2 2 2 2
sin
2
sin
g
v g
g
v
h
i i i i
u u
=
g
v
i i
2
sin
2 2
u
=
( )
2
2
sin t
g
t v y y
i i i
+ = u
For what angle is it
going to be maximum?
2 t
Finding the range
( )t v x
i i
u cos =
A
t 2
( )
A i i
t v R 2 cosu = ( )
g
v
v
i i
i i
u
u
sin
2 cos =
g
v
R
i i i
u u cos sin 2
2
=
i i i
u u u cos sin 2 2 sin =
g
v
i i
u 2 sin
2
=
keeping the speed
constant, the maximum
range is obtained for:

45 =
i
u
1 2 sin =
i
u
Problem 3.12

20 =
i
u
s 0 = t
s 3 = t
g

? = x
( )t v x
i i
u cos =
m/s 8 =
i
v

i
v

x
y
3 20 cos 8 =

m 6 . 22 =
2
2
1
gt t v y y
yi i
+ + =
t v x x
ix i
+ =
? = y
( )
2
3 9 . 4 3 20 sin 8 + =

m 3 . 52 = y
2
9 . 4 7 . 2 10 t t + =
0 10 9 . 4 7 . 2
2
= + t t
s 18 . 1 = t
The particle in uniform circular motion
t
v
a
avg
A
A
=

As both triangles
are isosceles, they
are also similar
r
r
v
v

A
=
A
const. = = v v

The velocity
is always
tangential to
the circle
v
r
r
v

A
= A
t
r
r
v
a
avg
A
A
=

Take the limit

0 At
v
r
v
a
c
2
=
centripetal
acceleration
r t 2
T t = A
T
r
v
t 2
=
period
?
Tangential and Radial Acceleration
t r
a a a

+ =
radial
accel.
tangential
acceleration
At each and every point of a curved path, one can draw a circle that
touches the path at that point. The velocity is then along the tangent
to the circle at that point.
dt
v d
a
t

=
r
v
a a
c r
2
= =