Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900 to the Present

Chapters 33 - 40

Essential Question: How did technology change the nature of war and society?
Technological improvements in warfare - Nuclear warfare is a new threat between nations - Higher casualties due to deadlier weapons - New strategies employed to go along with weapons Technological improvements in food production - Increased population size due to availability of food

New technology's impact on industrialization and globalization

- Many nations became manufacturers and exporters due to new technology - New consumer goods were produced such as TVs, computers, iPods... - Efficient methods of communication produced as a result of developments such ast

Essential Question: What were the causes of World War 1?

The causes of World War I, which began in central Europe in late July 1914, included many factors, such as the conflicts and hostility of the four decades leading up to the war. Militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism played major roles in the conflict as well. The immediate origins of the war, however, lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the Crisis of 1914, casus belli for which was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (the Archduke of Austria Hungary) and his wife Sophie by Gavrilo Princip, an irredentist Serb.

The crisis came after a long and difficult series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers (Italy, France, Germany, the British Empire, the Austria-Hungarian Empire and Russia) over European and colonial issues in the decade before 1914 that had left tensions high. In turn these diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1867. The more immediate cause for the war was tensions over territory in the Balkans. AustriaHungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the Great Powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties.

Essential Question: How has the evolution of political and religious beliefs connected and divided world culture?
Connected World Culture

Political Beliefs
A sense of nationalism had led several nations to connect with other regions in order to spread their beliefs causing the intensification of contacts in that region resulting in them being a member of world culture. The desire for religious activists to spread their beliefs had led them to connect with world culture.

Religious Beliefs

Division of World Culture

Political Beliefs
The ideology of nationalism had caused several regions to be divided from world culture since they wished to resist such changes mainly due to how these changes may cause the annihilation of their regional culture. - Some examples of such a division from world culture through this mean are the isolation of North Korea and the prevention of many foreign immigrants to enter European countries. Caused a sense of distinctiveness from world culture to be seen amongst the believers of such a religion thus dividing world culture. Led to terrorism associated with attacks against the major globalized nations such as the United States.

Religious Beliefs

Changes

Changes in social class - Disappearance of monarchies, excluding figureheads - Upper aristocratic class replaced with big-business owners Changes in women's rights - Women were allowed to vote in many countries - Greater access to education Economic and industrial change - Greater amount of nations held a more important role in the world economy - Countries such as Brazil, India and China became main manufacturers and exporters of goods - 60% of the world's population became involved in industrialization Globalization - International organizations, such as the UN were formed to establish peace and solve issues - Migration moved people from Africa, Asia and Latin America - Areas exposed to new culture due to globalization Environmental changes - Recurrence of environmental disasters due to corporations - Destruction of tropical rainforests - Air pollution from factories

Continuities

Resistance to global changes

-Certain regions resisted changes pertaining to the gender role in that men still continued to have more opportunities to have a better education and a job than men. -Some regions welcomed in certain changes but rejected others, resulting in a blend of traditional values with global values especially seen through the introduction of beauty pageants within Indian society where a global change was being introduced with aspects of Indian culture seen as well. -Language changes were also resisted as well where the French government refused to incorporate words of the English language.

Continued Mindset of Several Regions

-After the fall of the Soviet Union, Russia had become increasingly autocratic, indicating
to many others that continuity of Russia's tsarism was being seen.

-China was still focusing on the importance of order and conformity, showing signs of Confucian-related principles.

Continued economic orientation of many regions

-Latin America and Southeast Asia continued their 19th Century economic quota, where they
supplied industrialized nations with raw materials in order to receive industrial products in return.

Timeline
June 1914 Archduke Ferdinand Assassinated. Begin of WWI

1918 Treaty of Brest-Litovsk/ WWI Ends

1919 Treaty of Versailles, League of Nations Formed. 1922 Mussolini Seizes Power. 1927/1928 Stalin Pushes first Five Year Plan; collectivization begins. 1929 US Stock Market Crash. 1933 Hitler Becomes Chancellor 1937 Japan invades China 1939 Germany invades Poland 1945 Atomic Bomb dropped on Japan.

1947 Cold War Begins 1949 USSR Develops Atomic Bomb/ NATO established 1949 Peoples Republic of China Established 1953 Stalin's Death 1955 Warsaw Pact Formed 1961 Berlin Wall Erected 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 1961 US Backed invasion of Cuba Fails 1965 Cultural Revolution in China 19756 Deaths of Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai/ Purge of Gang of Four 1989 Berlin Wall Separation Ended 1999 Putin becomes president of Russia 2001 September 11th terrorist attack 2003 Saddam Husseins Government in Iraq overturned by US and allies

Franz Ferdinand (December 18, 1863 June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Austro-Hungarian and Royal Prince of Hungary and of Bohemia, and from 1889 until his death, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

On June 28, 1914, a young Serbian nationalist named Gavrilo Princip killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the throne of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, in Sarajevo, Bosnia. Taking place against a backdrop of escalating tensions in the Balkans, the assassination set off a chain of events that would lead to the start of World War I barely one month later.

Benito Mussolini

Was an Italian politician and leader of the National Fascist Party, ruling the country from 1922 to his ousting in 1943. In 1926 Mussolini seized total power as dictator and ruled Italy as Il Duce ("the leader") from 1930 to 1943. Mussolini was one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Originally a member of the Italian Socialist Party (PSI), Mussolini was expelled from the PSI due to his opposition to the party's stance on neutrality in World War I. Mussolini denounced the PSI, and later founded the fascist movement. Following the March on Rome in October 1922 he became the 27th Prime Minister of Italy. After destroying all political opposition through his secret police and outlawing labor strikes, Mussolini and his fascist followers consolidated their power through a series of laws that transformed the nation into a one-party dictatorship. Within five years he had established dictatorial authority by both legal and extraordinary means, aspiring to create a totalitarian state. Mussolini remained in power until he was replaced in 1943; he remained the leader of the Italian Social Republic until his death in 1945.

Mexican Revolution

The Mexican was a major armed struggle that started in 1910, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Daz, and lasted for the better part of a decade until around 1920. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. This armed conflict is often categorized as the most important sociopolitical event in Mexico and one of the greatest upheavals of the 20th century. After prolonged struggles, its representatives produced the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Revolution is generally considered to have lasted until 1920, although the country continued to have sporadic, but comparatively minor, outbreaks of warfare well into the 1920s. The Cristero War of 1926 to 1929 was the most significant relapse into bloodshed.

World War 2 Treaty of Versailles In 1919, Lloyd George of England, Orlando of Italy, Clemenceau of France and Woodrow Wilson from the US met to discuss how Germany was to be made to pay for the damage world war one had caused. Woodrow Wilson wanted a treaty based on his 14-point plan which he believed would bring peace to Europe. Georges Clemenceau wanted revenge. He wanted to be sure that Germany could never start another war again. Lloyd George personally agreed with Wilson but knew that the British public agreed with Clemenceau. He tried to find a compromise between Wilson and Clemenceau. Germany had been expecting a treaty based on Wilson's 14 points and were not happy with the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. However, they had no choice but to sign the document.

Cause:

The German people were very unhappy about the treaty and thought that it was too harsh. Germany could not afford to pay the money and during the 1920s the people in Germany were very poor. There were not many jobs and the price of food and basic goods was high. People were dissatisfied with the government and voted to power a man who promised to rip up the Treaty of Versailles. His name was Adolf Hitler.

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933. Almost immediately he began secretly building up Germany's army and weapons. In 1934 he increased the size of the army, began building warships and created a German air force. Compulsory military service was also introduced. Although Britain and France were aware of Hitler's actions, they were also concerned about the rise of Communism and believed that a stronger Germany might help to prevent the spread of Communism to the West. In 1936 Hitler ordered German troops to enter the Rhineland. At this point the German army was not very strong and could have been easily defeated. Yet neither France nor Britain was prepared to start another war.

The Cold War

In 1945, the United States and Soviet Union were allies, jointly triumphant in World War II, which ended with total victory for Soviet and American forces over Adolf Hitler's Nazi empire in Europe. Within just a few years, however, wartime allies became mortal enemies, locked in a global strugglemilitary, political, economic, ideologicalto prevail in a new "Cold War."

Josef Stalin

Once World War II ended, the task of rebuilding Europe remained. While the United States and the United Kingdom sought stability, Stalin had no desire to cede the territory he had conquered during the war. Therefore, Stalin claimed the territory he had liberated from Germany as part of the Soviet empire. Under Stalins tutelage, Communist parties took control of each countrys government, cut off all communication with the West, and became official Soviet satellite states.

Fidel Castro
Fidel Castro is a Cuban communist revolutionary and politician who was Prime Minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976, and President from 1976 to 2008. He also served as the Commander in Chief of the country's armed forces from 1959 to 2008, and as the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba from 1961 until 2011. Politically a Marxist-Leninist, under his administration the Republic of Cuba became a one-party socialist state; industry and businesses were nationalized, and socialist reforms implemented in all areas of society. Internationally, Castro was the SecretaryGeneral of the Non-Aligned Movement, from 1979 to 1983 and from 2006 to 2008.

The Cuban Revolution

The Cuban Revolution was an armed revolt conducted by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the regime of Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista. The revolution began in July 1953, and finally ousted Batista on 1 January 1959, replacing his regime with Castro's revolutionary government. Castro's government later reformed along communist lines, becoming the present Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965.

Indira Ghandi
Was the third Prime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National Congress party. Gandhi, who served from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office. As Prime Minister, Gandhi became known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. She presided over a period where India emerged with greater power than before to become the regional hegemon of South Asia with considerable political, economic, and military developments. Gandhi also presided over a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree and made lasting changes to the constitution of India.

Korean War

The Korean War was a war between the Republic of Korea (South Korea), supported by the United Nations, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), at one time supported by the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union. It was primarily the result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II. The Korean Peninsula was ruled by the Empire of Japan from 1910 until the end of World War II. Following the surrender of the Empire of Japan in September 1945, American administrators divided the peninsula along the 38th parallel, with U.S. military forces occupying the southern half and Soviet military forces occupying the northern half. The failure to hold free elections throughout the Korean Peninsula in 1948 deepened the division
between the two sides; the North established a communist government, while the South established a right-wing government. The 38th parallel increasingly became a political border between the two Korean states. Although reunification negotiations continued in the months preceding the war, tension intensified. Cross-border skirmishes and raids at the 38th Parallel persisted. The situation escalated into open warfare when North Korean forces invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950.[

Liu Shaoqi

Liu Shaoqi; 24 November 1898 12 November 1969) was a Chinese revolutionary, statesman, and theorist. He was Chairman of the People's Republic of China, China's head of state, from 27 April 1959 to 31 October 1968, during which he implemented policies of economic reconstruction in China. He fell out of favor in the later 1960s during the Cultural Revolution because of his perceived 'right-wing' viewpoints and

9/11 Terrorist Attacks

The September 11 attacks (also referred to as September 11, September 11th, or 9/11) were a series of four coordinated terrorist attacks launched by the Islamist terrorist group al-Qaeda upon the United States in New York City and the Washington, D.C. areas on September 11, 2001. On that Tuesday morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four passenger jets, intending to fly them in suicide attacks into targeted buildings. Two of those planes, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, were crashed into the North and South towers, respectively, of the World Trade Center complex in New York City. Both towers collapsed within two hours and falling debris, combined with fires that the debris initiated in several surrounding buildings, led to the partial or complete collapse of all the other buildings in the World Trade Center complex, also causing major damage to ten other large structures in the immediate area of the complex. A third plane, American Airlines Flight 77, was crashed into the Pentagon (the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense), leading to a partial collapse in its western side. The fourth plane, United Airlines Flight 93, was targeted at the United States Capitol[2] in Washington, D.C., but crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania after its passengers tried to overcome the hijackers. Almost 3,000 people died in the attacks, including all 227 civilians and 19 hijackers aboard the four planes.