Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 9

Defining a Fluid
A fluid is a nonsolid state of matter in which the atoms or molecules are free to move past each other, as in a gas or a liquid.

Both liquids and gases are considered fluids because they can flow and change shape.

9-1: Fluids and Buoyant Force

Liquids have a definite volume
Gasses do not

Liquids do not have a definite shape

Density and Buoyant Force

In general, density is a measure of how much there is of a quantity in a given amount of space.
Quantity can be anything; # of trees or people, or amount of mass or energy

Mass Density
The concentration of matter of an object is called the mass density. (Amount of mass per unit volume of a substance)

Represented with the Greek symbol, (rho)

Mass Density = mass/volume

= m/v
S.I. Unit Kg / m3

Common fluids and solids

Solids and liquids tend to be almost incompressible.
i.e., change very little with changes in pressure.

Buoyant Force
Buoyant Force a force that acts upward on an object submerged in a liquid or floating on a liquids surface. This force can keep objects afloat

Acts in direction OPPOSITE of gravity

Buoyant Force

Archimedes Principle
Law of Archimedes: The buoyant force is equal to the weight of the replaced liquid or gas.

Buoyant Force and Archimedes Principle

The Brick, when added will cause the water to be displaced and fill the smaller container. What will the volume be inside the smaller Container? The same volume as the brick!

Buoyant Force and Archimedes Principle

Archimedes principle describes the magnitude of a buoyant force.

Archimedes principle: Any object completely or partially submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal in magnitude to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
FB = Fg (displaced fluid) = mfg magnitude of buoyant force = weight of fluid displaced

Buoyant Force
The raft and cargo are floating because their weight and buoyant force are balanced.

Buoyant Force
Now imagine a small hole is put in the raft. The raft and cargo sink because their density is greater than the density of the water. As the volume of the raft decreases, the volume of the water displaced by the raft and cargo also decreases, as does the magnitude of the Buoyant force.

Buoyant Force
For a floating object, the buoyant force equals the objects weight. The apparent weight of a submerged object depends on the density of the object. For an object with density o submerged in a fluid of density f, the buoyant force FB obeys the following ratio:

Fg (object) = o FB f

Example
A bargain hunter purchases a gold crown at a flea market. After she gets home, she hangs the crown from a scale and finds its weight to be 7.84 N. She then weighs the crown while it is immersed in water, and the scale reads 6.86 N. Is the crown made of pure gold? Explain.

Solution
Choose your equations: Fg FB = apparent weight
Fg = o FB f

Rearrange your equations: FB = Fg (apparent weight) o = Fg (f)

FB

Plug and Chug

FB = 7.84 N 6.86 N = 0.98 N
o =

7.84 N (1.00 10 kg/m) = 8.0 x 103 kg/m3 0.98 N

From the table in your book, the density of gold is 19.3 x 103 kg/m3. Because 8.0 x 103 kg/m3 < 19.3 x 103 kg/m3, the crown cannot be pure gold.

HOMEWORK
Page 324
Practice 9A # 1 and 3 Section Review # 1-3

QOTD: Wed 1/13/2010

Get a calculator from the red bin and complete the following:

1: Calculate the actual weight, buoyant force, and apparent weight of a 5.0 X 10-5 m3 iron ball floating at rest in mercury.
(density of mercury is 13.6 x 103 kg/m3)

2: How much of the balls volume is immersed in mercury?

QOTD: Wed 1/13/2010

Calculate the actual weight, buoyant force, and apparent weight of a 5.0 X 10-5 m3 iron ball floating at rest in mercury. (density of mercury is 13.6 x 103 kg/m3)
3.86N, 3.86 N, 0 N

How much of the balls volume is immersed in mercury?

2.89 x 10-5 m3

Fluid Pressure and Temperature

Objectives:
Calculate pressure exerted by a fluid Calculate how the pressure varies with depth in a fluid Describe fluids in terms of temperature

PRESSURE
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE FORCE ON A SURFACE PER UNIT AREA PRESSURE = FORCE/AREA
P=F A

PRESSURE
SI unit is the pascal (Pa) 1 pascal is equal to 1 N/m2 The pressure of the atmosphere at sea level is about 105 Pa * this amount of air pressure under normal conditions is the basis for another unit, the atmosphere (atm)

The absolute air pressure inside a typical automobile tire is about 300,000 Pa, or about 3 atm.

Applied Pressure
Transmitted equally throughout a fluid In general, if the pressure in a fluid is increased at any point in a container, the pressure increases at all points inside the container by exactly the same amount.
This is noted by PASCAL Which leads us to PASCALS PRINCIPLE

PASCALS PRINCIPLE
PRESSURE APPLIED TO A FLUID IN A CLOSED CONTAINER IS TRANSMITTED EQUALLY TO EVERY POINT OF THE FLUID AND TO THE WALLS OF THE CONTAINER.

Pascals Principal
A hydraulic lift uses this principle. A small force, F1, applied to a small piston of area A1 causes a pressure increase in a fluid, such as oil. This increase in pressure, Pinc, is transmitted to a larger piston of area A2 and the fluid exerts a force, F2, on this piston.
See figure 9-7 in text

 Applying Pascals principle and the definition of pressure gives us the following equation :
Pinc = F1 = F2 A1 A2
Rearranging the equation to solve for F2: From this equation, we see that F2 is greater than F1 by a factor equal to the ratio of the areas of the 2 pistons.

F2 = F1 A2 A1

Pascals Principle
Because the pressure is the same on both sides of the enclosed fluid in a hydraulic lift, a small force on the smaller piston (left) produces a much larger force on the larger piston (right).

Pressure
Pressure varies with depth in a fluid Water pressure increases with depth because the water at a given depth must support the weight of the water above it.

Fluid pressure as a function of depth

By using the symbol o for the atmospheric pressure at the surface, we can express the total pressure, or absolute pressure, at a given depth in a fluid of uniform density, , as follows:

= o + gh
Absolute pressure = atmospheric pressure + (density x free fall accel x depth)

Temperature
The temperature in a gas can be understood as what is happening to the atomic scale. The higher the temperature of a gas, the faster the particles move. The faster the particles move, the higher the rate of collisions against the walls of the container. More momentum is transferred to container walls in given time interval, thus an increase in pressure results.

Kelvins and degrees Celsius

SI units for Temperature:

To convert from Celsius to Kelvin, add 273.

Ex: Room temp is about 20 Celsius or 293 k.

HOMEWORK
Pg 327 # 1-2 Pg 330 # 1 Pg 331 # 1, 3-4

QOTD Friday: 1/15/2010

FLUIDS IN MOTION
FLUID FLOW:
When a fluid is in motion, the flow can be characterized in one of two ways. The flow is said to be laminar if every particle that passes a particular point moves along the same smooth path traveled by the particles that passed that point earlier. This path is called streamline. Different streamlines CANNOT cross each other.

Fluid Flow Cont.

Flow of fluid becomes irregular, or turbulent, above a certain velocity or under conditions that can cause abrupt changes in velocity.
obstacles or sharp turns

Irregular motion of the fluid eddy currents

Turbulent flow
Ex: water in wake of ship or in air currents of severe thunderstorm

 Ideal Fluid : fluid that has no internal friction or viscosity and is incompressible Viscosity: amount of internal friction within a fluid.
Can occur when one layer of fluid slides past another.

Principles of Fluid Flow

The mass flowing into the pipe MUST equal the mass flowing out of the pipe in the same time interval. Thus, m1 = m2 Rememberm = pv Volume of a cylinder: V = A (delta X) So,

p1V1 = p2V2 p1A1 (Delta X 1) = p2A2 (Delta X 2)

p1V1 = p2V2 p1A1 (Delta X 1) = p2A2 (Delta X 2)

*The length of the cylinder is also the distance the fluid travels, which is equal to the speed of flow multiplied by the time interval (delta X = v delta t)

So,

p1A1 v1 (Delta t) = p2A2 v2 (Delta t)

** for an ideal fluid, both the time interval and the density are the same on each side of the equation, so they cancel each other out.
p1A1 v1 (Delta t) = p2A2 v2 (Delta t)

Continuity Equation
After canceling each other out, we are left with the CONTINUITY EQUATION: A1v1 = A2v2 Simply state:
area x speed in region 1 = area x speed in region 2

 Flow rate is CONSTANT throughout a pipe Pressure in a fluid is related to the speed of flow. BERNOULLIS PRINCIPAL: The pressure in a fluid decreases as the
fluids velocity increases

Bernoullis Equation cont.

Explains the conservation of energy in fluids. Expressed as:

P + v2 + gh = constant
Pressure +KE per unit volume + PEg per unit volume =
constant along a given streamline

Homework
Pg 337: Practice #1 Section Review # 1

QOTD Tuesday 1/19/2010

What is the continuity equation? Using the equation, if a pipe narrows from a cross section of 2.0 m2 to 0.30 m2 and the speed through the wider area is 8.0 m/s, what is the speed of the water flowing through the narrow part?

9-4: Properties of Gases

Volume, Pressure, and Temperature are the three variables that completely describe the macroscopic state of an ideal gas.

IDEAL GAS LAW

PV = NkBT
Pressure x volume = # gas particles x Boltzmanns constant x temperature KB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

Temperature MUST be in Kelvins!!!!

IDEAL GAS LAW

PV = nRT Pressure x volume = # moles of gas x molar gas constant x temperature n = # moles of gas Where one mole = 6.02 x 1023 particles R = 8.31 J/(mol * K)

IDEAL GAS LAW

If the # of gas particles remains constant, then P1V1 = P2V2 T1 T2

Sample
A sealed tank with a volume of 0.10 m3 contains air at 27 degrees Celsisus under pressure 18000 Pa. The valve can withstand pressures up to 50000. Will the valve hold if the air inside the tank is heated to 227 degrees C?

Sample
A sealed tank with a volume of 0.10 m3 contains air at 27 degrees Celsius under pressure 18000 Pa. The valve can withstand pressures up to 50000. Will the valve hold if the air inside the tank is heated to 227 degrees Celsius?

P 1V 1 = P 2V 2 T1 T2

Cont
18000 (0.10) = (P2) (0.10) 300 500 900,000 = 30 (P2) P2 = 30,000 Pa

Thus, yes the valve will hold because 30,000 Pa is LESS THAN 50,000 Pa max that it can withstand.

Homework
Page 341: # 1-2 Page 341 Review: #1 and 5

STUDY FOR YOU EXAM!!! Make sure you know the summary and Key Ideas found on page 342 in your text.