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Analog and digital transmission Channel capacity Antennas, propagation modes, and fading Signal encoding techniques
Spread spectrum technology Coding and error control Cellular networks Wireless LANs
IEEE 802.11 Bluetooth
Sensor networks
Infrastructure, MAC, and routing protocols Synchronization Protocols Algorithms for query processing
WirelessNetworks1.ppt
WirelessNetworks2.ppt WirelessNetworks3.ppt WirelessNetworks4.ppt WirelessNetworks5.ppt WirelessNetworks6.ppt WirelessNetworks7.ppt WirelessNetworks8.ppt WirelessNetworks9.ppt WirelessNetworks10.ppt WirelessNetworks11.ppt WirelessNetworks12.ppt
most of the course. The material on multihop and sensor networks will be taken from research papers, and other collections.
More recently
Satellite communications, wireless networking, cellular technology,
Layered Architecture
Application Transport Network Data Link Network Data Link Network Data Link
Physical
Physical
Physical
Medium
Physical
Radio
Anyform Applications: Ubiquitous computing and information access Market in continuous growth:
35-60% annual growth of PCS (Personal Communications Services) Number of subscribers:
by 2001: over 700M mobile phones by 2003: 1 billion wireless subscribers (source Ericsson)
Fixed Telephone
Mobile Phone
Broadband Internet
displaying a few lines of text E.g., browsers of most mobile wireless devices use wireless markup language (WML) instead of HTML
Wireless around us
WLAN, DAB, GSM, etc
Personal Travel Assistant, PDA, Laptop, GSM, cdmaOne, WLAN, Bluetooth, ...
Portable Devices
PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW Laptop fully functional standard applications
performance
higher frequencies
Limited bandwidth Broadcast medium: requires multiple access schemes Variable link quality (noise, interference) High latency, higher jitter Heterogeneous air interfaces Security: easier snooping User location may change with time Speed of mobile impacts wireless bandwidth Need mechanism for handoff Security: easier spoofing
Mobility:
Portability
Limited battery, storage, computing, and UI
Communication Channel
Transmitter Channel Receiver
The medium used to transmit the signal from the transmitter to the receiver Wireline / Wireless channel
Wireline Channel
Transmitter Wireline Channel, e.g. copper wire Receiver
Too many noises? Large signal attenuation? Data speed too low? Data speed still too low?
Fading Effect
Typical Indoor
Wireless Environment
Signal strength
fluctuates significantly
Wireless channel
cannot be engineered.
You can only
Implication
For wireline systems, it is assumed that the channel is
error free Many protocols are designed with this assumption These protocols do not work well in a wireless environment
e.g. TCP (why?)
Base Station
Implication
For wire-line systems, we can simply install new cables
to increase capacity.
For wireless systems, the channel can only be shared
by the users.
Capacity does not increase.
Interference
Multiuser Interference Radio signals of different users interfere with each other Self-Interference Multipath effect Phase-shifted images of the signal at the receiver interact and may cancel the entire signal, (i.e. destructive interference).
Interference Management
How to manage multiuser interference?
i.e. how to share the channel? Multiple Access Problem FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, etc.
User Mobility
Location Management Problem How does the network know where the intended recipient of a message is currently located?
Cellular Scenario
Where is 5008011? Send broadcast messages from every base station?
Internet Scenario
Forwarding table in router Dest. Net router Nhops interface 223.1.1 223.1.2 223.1.3 1 1 1
223.1.1.4 223.1.2.9
223.1.1.1
223.1.2.1 223.1.1.2 223.1.1.4 223.1.1.3
223.1.3.27
223.1.2.9 223.1.2.2
223.1.3.27
223.1.3.2
223.1.3.1
The router sends the datagram to 223.1.2.2 via interface 223.1.2.9 What happens if E moves to elsewhere?
Device Limitation
Resource Limitation Limited memory Limited computational power Small display Limited battery life
This issue will NOT be considered at the moment but
Focus on voice communication Limited bit-rate data transmission Large-scale mobility and coverage Operate over licensed frequency bands
Transmission fundamentals
Electromagnetic signals
Time domain Frequency domain
Data rate and bandwidth Analog and digital data transmission Channel capacity
Nyquist theorem [Sampling Rate >2fmax ] Shannon capacity theorem [CWlog2(1+S/N)]
Transmission media
Analog signaling
Digital signaling
Guided media
Waves are guided along a solid medium
fiber
Unguided media
Provides means of transmission but does not guide
electromagnetic signals Usually referred to as wireless transmission E.g., atmosphere, outer space
Unguided media
Transmission and reception are achieved by means of
1 GHz to 40 GHz Directional beams possible Suitable for point-to-point transmission Used for satellite communications
Terrestrial microwave
Description of common microwave antenna
Parabolic "dish", 3 m in diameter Fixed rigidly and focuses a narrow beam Achieves line-of-sight transmission to receiving antenna
Applications
Long haul telecommunications service Short point-to-point links between buildings
Microwave antenna
Parabolic Dish
Satellite microwave
Description of communication satellite
Microwave relay station Used to link two or more ground-based microwave
transmitter/receivers Receives transmissions on one frequency band (uplink), amplifies or repeats the signal, and transmits it on another frequency (downlink)
Applications
Television distribution
Long-distance telephone transmission Private business networks
Broadcast radio
Description of broadcast radio antennas
Omni directional Antennas not required to be dish-shaped Antennas need not be rigidly mounted to a precise
alignment
Applications
Broadcast radio VHF and part of the UHF band; 30 MHZ to 1GHz Covers FM radio and UHF and VHF television
Infrared
Beyond the EHF spectrum 1012 to 1014 Hz Transceivers must be within line of sight or reachable
via reflection
Does not penetrate walls
Next Lecture
Antennas & Propagation
Signal Encoding
Questions
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