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Graduation Project Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements For The Degree Of B.Sc. In Mechanical Engineering. Supervisor: Dr. Ramiz Alkhaldi The Students: Amin Udeh (10611326) Salem Hassoun (10615008) Omar Sabanah (10644946) Mohammad jawabri (10717105)
May - 2011
INTRODUCTION. Al-oyoon hospital, north of Nablus, located at the top of the north mountain at Nablus-Aseera street. The hospital has four departments A,B,C and D. In this project, only the mechanical systems of department A and C are calculated , A and C department has four stores , each one has an area of more than 2000 m2.
Drainage system, Venting system, Fire fighting system, Medical gases system.
1) HVAC SYSTEM : Hot water heating system : Hot water heating system consists of: Boiler. Piping net work. Expansion tank. Circulation pump.
U: overall heat transfer coefficient A: area Ti: inside design temperature To: outside design temperature
Q=U*A*(CLTD)corr
Where: (CLTD)corr = (CLTD + LM) K + (25.5 Ti )+ (To 29.4)
Where :
CLTD: cooling load factor K:color factor:
For walls : Q=U*A*(CLTD)corr Where: (CLTD)corr =(CLTD + LM) K + (25.5 Ti )+ (To 29.4) Where : CLTD: cooling load factor K:color factor: K=1 dark color K=0.83 medium color K=0.5 light color
For glass : Heat transmitted through glass Q=A*(SHG)*(SC)*(CLF) SHG: solar heat gain SC: shading coefficient CLF: cooling load factor Convection heat gain: Q=U*A*(CLTD)corr (CLTD)corr = (CLTD)+(25.5 Ti )+ (To 29.4)
For people :
Qs=qs*n*CLF
qL=qL*n where:
For lighting : Qs=W*CLF Where: Qs: net heat gain from lighting W:lighting capacity: (watts)
For equipments : Qs=qs*CLF QL=qL Qs,QL: sensible and latent heat gain. CLF: cooling load factor
Floor No.
1st Floor
2nd Floor
3rd Floor
4th Floor
32.7
30.9
26
34.3
59.8
56
48
60.2
Ventilation and exhaust air: Definition of ventilation: Ventilating (the V in HVAC) is the process of "changing" or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality (i.e. to control temperature, replenish oxygen, or remove moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, and carbon dioxide). Ventilation is used to remove unpleasant smells and excessive moisture, introduce outside air, to keep interior building air circulating, and to prevent stagnation of the interior air. Method of calculating ventilation: Its calculated from tables depending on the number of people or on the area of the roam in general. Definition of exhaust air: Its the air which withdrawn from the room to the atmosphere to make complete cycle in which we allow fresh air to enter the room and withdraw the exhaust air to the atmosphere.
Method of calculating exhaust air: Its equal to the fresh air rate in general but we can make it larger than fresh air if we need positive pressure or smaller than fresh air if we want negative pressure.
2) POTABLE WATER : The pipes conveying water to water closets shall be of sufficient size to supply the water at a rate required for adequate flushing without unduly reducing the pressure at other fixtures Separate sewer connections. Every building intended for human habitation or occupancy on premises abutting on a street in which there is a public sewer shall have a separate connection.
How to size pipe based on flow rates. Identify the gpm requirement of the furthest head from the zone valve. For systems with only one zone use the head furthest from the main line point of connection (POC). On a Friction Loss Chart for the type of pipe selected, find the gpm amount from 1st item in the far left column. In that row, move right across the chart until a velocity of less than 5 feet per second is reached.
Move up that column to find the minimum pipe size necessary to carry the flow to this head.
Add the gpm requirement of the last and the next to the last head together to size the next pipe. Find the total gpm in the 1st column of the Friction Loss Chart and repeat steps 3 and 4.
Continue this process until you reach the zone valve or main line POC.
Select the largest of the pipe sizes for the entire zone.
3) DRINAGE AND VENT SYSTEMS : In modern plumbing, a drain-waste-vent is a system that removes sewage and grey water from a building and vents the gases produced by said waste. Waste is produced at fixtures such as toilets, sinks and showers, and exits the fixtures through a trap, a dipped section of pipe that always contains water. All fixtures must contain traps to prevent gases from backing up into the house. Through traps, all fixtures are connected to waste lines, which in turn take the waste to a soil stack, or soil vent pipe, which extends from the building drain at its lowest point up to and out of the roof. Waste is removed from the building through the building drain and taken to a sewage line, which leads to a septic system or a public sewer. Cesspits are generally prohibited in developed areas.
Venting mechanisms : To prevent the problems of high pressure in a drain system, sewer pipes will usually vent via one of two mechanisms.
Fire protection is the prevention and reduction of the hazards associated with fire. If involves the study of the behavior compartment, suppression and investigation of fire and its related emergencies as will as the research and development production, testing and application of mitigating.
The wet stand pipe system is designed in our project for its advantages on dry system and the Palestinian system in fire fighting. Fire dampers are installed in the supply of each fan coil to not allow fire to spread of fire and stop the oxygen source. Sizing :
Each pipe of landing valve is 2 , each pipe of cabinet is 1 and the rest of pipes is 4.
5) MEDICAL GASES :
Medical gases are very important in hospitals, the main application of it inside the surgery operations rooms and in patient rooms to help the patients.
There is many medical gases are used in hospitals, like : Oxygen (O2) Medical Air (MA) Medical Vacuum (MV) Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Nitrogen (N2) Instrumental Air (IA) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Waste Anesthesia Gas Disposal (WAGD or EVAC)
Selecting equipment
Pipe sizing Zone valves and alarms
Electrical service
Equipment space requirements Number of outlets
Flow rate per outlet (depends on the specific gas and outlet type)
Diversity factor (depends on the number and type of outlets)
Pipe Sizing : Flow Rate (considering diversity), the flow rate inside the pipes are calculated due to the diversity factor, in the pipes outlets the flow rate is (1), in the other lines the ones in outlets that the pipe supplies it are calculated and multiplied by the diversity factor because not all the outlets are used in the same time, then the pipe sizes are calculated from table 6-4. The friction loss in the pipes are shown in table 6-4, and it's depend on the size that was selected in the previous step, the friction loss are calculated for each pipe of the longest line, and this help us to now the medical gas compressor power, then calculate the equivalent length of the longest pipe line by multiplying the total length by 1.5 and then the friction loss inside the elbows are including in the calculations.
From table 6-4, increasing in the pipe diameter will decrease the friction loss and that useful for the compressor power and keep money.
6) SELECTION :
model
Fan speed
DBT
Total
Sensible
GPM WBD
DC18 4Rows
76
63
Chiller selection :
WPD
KW
GPM
CAP
Ambient temp.(oF)
LWT
MODEL
6.25
207
551.8
229.9
85
50
APS 2052S
Q(domestic) = m*Cp*T
M = 59 GPM = 59*3.7/60 = 3.64 L/S Q(domestic) = m*Cp*T = 3.64*4.18*60/24 = 35 Kw/hour
Model
Description
KW
CHS
High capacity
500
358
135
Diffuser selection:
Total pressure
Neck size in mm
CFM
0.25
225*225
410
Exhaust fan selection: External state pressure (Inch water) 1 RPM KW 0.75 RPM KW 0.5 RPM KW 0.25 RPM K CFM MODEL
W
797 5.306 754 4.9 709 4.5 663 4.1 05 1010 0 1000
Potable water pump selection: Pump head = Friction losses(F.L)-Back Pressure(B.P)+Residual Pressure (Fixture pressure) Now to Find Friction losses(F.L): The longest distance and the largest residual pressure was taken in the top story of the building Friction losses (F.L) = (16*3.28*22.5 + 4.5*3.28*17.2 + 23*3.28*12.8 + 6.5*3.28*10.8)/100 Multiplying by 1.5 to compensate the losses in fittings:F.L = 1.5*26.5 = 40 Psi Back Pressure (B.P) = 5Psi Residual Pressure ( Fixture pressure) = 8 Psi . Pump head = 40+85 = 43Psi Pump flow rate =190 GPM (Using fixture unit (880F.U))
Horsepower Ports Casting Pressure Flow PUMP (HP) (Inlet*Discharge) Material (Psi) (GPM) MODEL 10 2-1/2*1-1/2 ANSI 304S 82 250 4K192MT3
Hot water pump selection : Pump head = Friction losses(F.L)+Back Pressure(B.P)+Residual Pressure (Fixture pressure) Now to Find Friction losses(F.L): The longest distance and the largest residual pressure was taken in the top story of the building Friction losses (F.L) = (16*3.28*40 + 4.5*3.28*31 + 23*3.28*22.5 + 6.5*3.28*17.2)/100 Multiplying by 2 because there is a return line: F.L = 2*46 = 93 Psi
Multiplying by 1.5 to compensate the losses in fittings: F.L=1.5*93=140 Psi Back Pressure(B.P) = 4*5= 20Psi . Residual Pressure ( Fixture pressure) = 10 Psi Pump head = 140+20+10=170Psi Pump flow rate =50 GPM (Using fixture unit 120F.U)
Motor Type 56FR Electric 1PH Horsepower (HP) 1/2 Ports (Inlet*Discharge) 1-1/2*1 NPT Casting Material 304S Pressure Flow PUMP (Psi) (GPM) MODEL 13 52 3K392B T0
Fire pump selection and tank size : Pump head = Friction losses (F.L)Back Pressure(B.P)+Residual Pressure Fire Fighting. Now to Find Friction losses (F.L): The longest distance was taken in the top story of the building Friction losses (F.L) = (4.95*9*3.28 +4.73*38*3.28 +15*3.5*3.28+4.95*69+3.28+ 18.9*12*3.28)/100 Multiplying by 1.5 to compensate the losses in fittings:F.L=1.5*27.8=42 Psi Back Pressure(B.P)=5Psi Residual Pressure( Fire Fighting)=100 Psi . Pump head = 42+100-5=137Psi Pump flow rate =1000 GPM Tank size =1000*90 = 90000Gallon = 90000*3.7/1000 = 333 m3 Motor KW/rpm 185/2900 Diesel Pump Item Engine No. KW/rpm 170/2900 K451A000 Pump Model 100-315 Range (m) Range Psig Fire duty Usgpm 133-145 193.2-210.2 1000
Boiler chimney : The assumption of the boiler chimney: H = 15 m, CV=39000, = 80%, g= 1.1, v = 5m/s Pb=101.32, Ra= 287, Ta=25+273=298, Tg=250+273=523. mf = Qb/ CV* = 500/39000*0.8 = .016kg/s mg = 25.2*mf = .403 kg \s Ac = mg / g v = 0.0733 m2 Ac = /4 * D2 - D = 30.5cm =35 cm Q flow= mg/ g =.403 / 1.1= 0.366 m3/s ----p/ L = 0.5 pa/m p= 0.5*(15*1.5) = 11.25 pa But Pboiler = (Pb*g*H)/Ra * ((1/Ta)-(1/Tg)) = 71.5 pa Pboiler > p= 0.5*(15*1.5) = 11.25 pa So, no need for fan.