8051 Microcontroller

Assembly Language Programming

Course Outline
Week 1 2 3 4 5, 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15, 16 17 Topic Introduction 8051Microcontroller Architecture Assembly Language Assembly Language Contd. Timers and Counters Serial Port Interrupt Design and Interface Examples

8086 / 8088 Microprocessor Introduction and Architecture Midterm Exam Hardware and Design Programming in Assembly

PIC 18 F Microcontroller Introduction, Architecture, I/O Pins Programming Revision Timers Peripherals of PIC 18F Microcontrollers

Assembly Language

Introduction Instruction Set Software - Keil Assembler Directives

Programming Languages
Assembly is a Low Level Language

FORTRAN Pascal COBOL BASIC

High Level

Middle Level

C++ C

Low Level

Assembly

Assembly Language
Low Level Language English-like abbreviations

Represent basic operations of computer

Translated to machine language

Assemblers convert to machine language High speed conversion

Easier for human interpretation as compared to Machine language

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Still tedious and difficult Many instructions for simple tasks These problems led to High Level languages

General Format of Assembly Program

Assembly Language

General Format of Assembly Program mnemonics operand , [operands] destination, Source

[label]: mnemonics

operand , [operands] destination, Source

Brackets shows that the component is optional

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Assembly Language

General Format of Assembly Program

operand , [operands] destination, Source

[label]: mnemonics

Labels: are used to represent address of a line with a name Labels must end with a colon

Operand: on which the operation is performed

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Assembly Language

General Format of Assembly Program operand , [operands] destination, Source

[label]: mnemonics

Mnemonics: Instruction or command Example: mov A,#67h mov is mnemonic A and #67h are operands

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Assembly Language
Comments

Comment begins with a semicolon (;) Assembler ignores the comments

Example:

; This is a comment

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Instruction Set

8051 Instructions have 8 bit Opcode Combinations = 28 = 256 255 are implemented

139 92 24

1 Byte instructions 2 Byte instructions 3 Byte instructions

1 Machine cycle = 12 clock cycles Could take 1, 2 or 4 Machine Cycles to execute an instruction
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Instruction Set Summary

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Instruction Set

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Instruction Definition

mov a, #data

Bytes Cycles Encoding Operation

2 1 0111 0100 dddd dddd #data (A)

Example

mov a, #3 7403

0111 0100 0000 0011

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Keil Vision
Keil for Assembly Programming of 8051

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Using Keil for Assembly Programming

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New Project

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Select Device

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New File (for code)

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Save File as filename.a51

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Add Code to Project

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Debug Mode

Write Code Save (Ctrl + S) Build Target File (F7) Debug Mode

Ctrl + F5

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Debug Mode

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Debug Mode

Registers Accumulator

PSW

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Disassembly (only in debug mode)

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Disassembly (only in debug mode)

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Disassembly (only in debug mode)

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Assembly Programming for 8051

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A51 Assembler
Assembler: Converts Assembly code to machine language code
A51 Two Pass Assembler First Pass

Symbols and Labels are collected Length of each instruction is determined Symbol Table is made

Second Pass

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Forward references are resolved by using symbol table

Assembler Directives

Change state of assembler

Define Symbols, add information to the object file etc Must not be confused with Instructions. They do not produce executable code

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Assembler Directives
1. 2. 3. 4.

Address Control Symbol Definition Memory Initialization Others

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Assembler Directives
1.

Address Control
ORG, USING

2.

Symbol Definition
Generic Symbols: EQU, SET Address Symbols: BIT, DATA, XDATA SFR Symbols: sfr, sbit

3.

Memory Initialization
DBIT, DB, DW

4.

Others
END

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Address Control

Allows the control of Address Location counter

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Address Control
ORG
Changes location counter of currently active segment Sets new origin for subsequent statements Format ORG expression where

expression must be an absolute address without any forward references Only absolute addresses and symbols in current segment can be used

When ORG statement is encountered, the assembles calculates value of the expression and changes location counter of current segment Examples

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ORG 100H ORG RESTART

Address Control
USING

4 Register Banks USING specifies which Register Bank is active Format USING expression

where expression is the register bank number and it must be a value from 0 and 3

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Symbol Definition

Symbols and labels can be composed of 31 characters from the following list:
A -Z, a - z, 0 - 9, _ and ?

A symbol can start with any of these except the digits 0 9

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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET Used to create symbols that represent registers, numbers and addresses Similar to Define in C Assign a numeric value / register symbol to the specific symbol name Difference between EQU and SET

Symbols defined with EQU may not haven been previously defined by EQU and can not be redefined The SET directive allows later redefinition of symbols
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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET Formats of SET / EQU statements are:
symbol EQU expression symbol EQU register

symbol SET expression symbol SET register

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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET symbol is the name of symbol to define

expression specified will be substituted for each occurrence of the symbol used in program. expression is numeric expression which has no forward references register is one of the 8 registers (in the active bank)

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Symbol Definition
Examples

LIMIT EQU 1200 VALUE EQU LIMIT-200 SERIAL EQU SBUF

VALUE SET 100 COUNTER SET R1 TEMP SET COUNTER TEMP SET COUNTER*VALUE
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Symbol Definition
EQU and SET Symbols defined with EQU and SET directive may used anywhere in operands, expressions, or addresses etc.

Symbols that are defined as register name can be used anywhere a register is allowed Assembler replaces each occurrence of defined symbol in assembly program with the specified numerical value or register name

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Symbol Definition - Address Symbols

The BIT, DATA, and XDATA directives assign an address value to the specified symbol Symbols defined with the BIT, DATA and XDATA directives can not be changed or redefined

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Symbol Definition - Address Symbols

Format: BIT, DATA, XDATA
symbol BIT bit_address ; defines a BIT symbol symbol DATA data_address ; defines a DATA symbol

symbol XDATA xdata_address ; defines XDATA symbol

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Symbol Definition - Address Symbols

Format: BIT, DATA, XDATA

Symbol: name of symbol to be defined

Bit_address: is the address of a bit in internal data memory in the area 20h to 2Fh

Data_address: data memory address

xdata_address is an xdata memory address in range 0 to 65535
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Symbol Definition SFR Symbols

sfr, sbit sfr

sfr symbol = address sbit symbol = bit-address

sbit

Sfr_symbol is the name of symbol to be defined address is an SFR address with which the symbol is to be associated bit-address is address of an SFR Bit
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Symbol Definition SFR Symbols

sfr, sbit Examples

sfr mine = P0 ;

SFR symbol

sbit motor = P3^0 ; SFR Bit symbol

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Memory Initialization

Memory initialization directives are used to initialize code or constant space in byte units DBIT

Used to define a bit Used to define byte 8 bit Used to define Word 16 bits

DB

DW

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Memory Initialization - DB
DB The DB directive initializes code memory with byte (8-bit) values Format label: DB expression, expression where label is the symbol that is given the address of the initialized memory expression is a byte value. Each expression may be a value or a symbol etc Example ORG 100h REQ: DB 1,2,3,4, A
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Assembler Directives - Others

END

Signals the end of assembly module Any text that appears after END is ignored

END directive is required in every assembly module

If missing, a warning message is generated by assembler

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Number Representation
D (or nothing) Decimal H for Hex

Q for Octal
B for Binary