Gravimetric Stoichiometry

By prof Devender Singh Roorkee

Notes and Examples
 Introduction
 What is stoich-i-o-metry?

It is the methods used to calculate the quantities of
substances in a chemical reaction.
• ** Gravimetric (mass of solids) **
• Solution (volume and concentration of solutes)
• Gas (volume, pressure and temperature of gases)

 What do you need to know?

 good problem-solving skills
 experience with lab procedures and techniques
 good background chemistry knowledge (both
theoretical and empirical)
 Review
 You must have a solid understanding of the following to
achieve success in this unit:

The Mole
 Molar Mass
• how to calculate molar mass of elements and compounds using
values found on the periodic table
 The Mass formula
• m = nM, n = m/M, M = m/n
• know how to rearrange formula for any variable required
 Writing Correct Chemical Formulas
• for all elements and compounds, including their states

Balancing Chemical Equations
• this is the first step in every stoichiometry problem and therefore
mastery of this skill is vital to answering a question correctly.
 Significant Digits
 this is to ensure common communication and accuracy in
all calculated and measured values in chemistry
 we will use the common rules used on the diploma exam
in Chemistry 30
 Here are a few of the basics:
 your answer cannot be more accurate than the values given in the
question (use the least number of sig digs from the question).
• Sig digs include all digits correctly reported from a measurement,
except leading zeros
• exact values have an unlimited number of sig digs
• When adding values, use the least number of decimal places found in
the measurements
 molar mass is recorded to 2 decimal places

you may need to use scientific notation to write correct number of
significant digits.
Stoichiometry Concept Map

Stoichiometry
 Stoichiometry Procedure

Balanced Chemical Equation

Given quantity, find From moles calculated,

moles of given find quantity of required
(mass, volume, concentration) (mass, volume, concentration)

From moles calculated,

find moles of required
(use mole ratio formula)
 Stoichiometry Steps
1. Write a balanced equation for the reaction.
2. Determine the two substances involved in the
reaction, the given and the unknown.
3. *Calculate the number of moles of the given
substance.
4. Set up the mole ratio using coefficients of the
balanced equation for the two substances.
5. Substitute values in mole ratio for the given
and the unknown.
6. Solve the equation for the unknown number of
moles.
7. *Convert required moles into mass by
multiplying the unknown’s molar mass.
 Note:
 You may not always use steps 3 and 7 (only in 2 or 3 step stoich
problems)
 A correct balanced equation is vital for full marks as it effects all
other steps and calculations
 Always list the given and unknown variables under each
substance in your chemical equation for step 2.
 Check for correct significant digits and include all units when
recording your final answer in a box
 Marks distributed as follows on any stoich question:
 1 mark for balanced chemical equation
 1 mark for each step of the procedure
 2 marks for final answer (1 mark for value, ½ for units, ½ for correct
significant digits)
 Show ALL your work for full marks!!!
 1 step problems: Mole to Mole
 The Mole Ratio

A mathematical relationship of the
# of moles between the given and C
the unknown found in the
n = nG ×
balanced chemical equation.
CG
 Example:
Given the following equation, write
the molar ratios for: N 2 ( g ) + 3H 2 ( g ) → 2 NH 3( g )
a) N 2
=
H2
c) NH 3
=
b) N2 H2
=
NH 3
 Example #1
 During the production of ammonia,
 If 3.00 moles of H2 were used, how many moles of NH3 would be made?

 If 0.600 moles of NH3 were produced, how many moles of N2 are

required?
 More Examples and Practice
 Go through examples on p.160 of your
workbook.

 Do Practice Problems #1-9 on p.160-164

of workbook (random HW check – show
all your work)

 Work on Stoichiometry Assignment #1


due Thursday, November 2nd
 2 step problems:
Mole to Quantity or Quantity to Mole
 An additional step is needed
 to find the # of moles of given, or
 to find the mass of the unknown.

 Need to use the mass formula, m=nM, to solve for

either ngiven or munknown
 May use unit conversion for this step if desired
 Example #2
 During the combustion of methane,
During the combustion of methane,
 how many grams of carbon dioxide are produced if 2.0 moles of methane
are used?

 how many moles of methane are needed to produce 12.2 grams of water
vapour?
 More Examples and Practice
 Go through examples on p.165-166 of your
workbook.

 Do Practice Problems #1, 6, 8, and 9 on p.166-

167 of workbook (random HW check)

 Finish Stoichiometry Assignment #1


due Thursday, November 2nd

 Go through example #2 on p.169 and do

Practice Problems #1-4, 6, 8-11 on p.169-171 of
workbook
 3 step Problems:
Quantity to Quantity
 In this type of question, you are provided
with a quantity of one substance, and asked
to calculate a quantity such as mass of
another substance.
 All 7 stoichiometry steps are needed and
each question is worth 6 marks
 Note: these are never asked in a multiple choice
question
 Show ALL your work in each step
 Example #3
 During a reaction between lithium hydroxide and hydrobromic acid, if you
start with 3.7 grams of lithium hydroxide, how many grams of lithium
bromide will be produced?
 Example #4
 If you start with lead (II) nitrate and 15.0 grams of sodium iodide, how many grams
of sodium nitrate can be formed?
 More Examples and Practice
 Go through example #1 on p.172 of your
workbook.

 Do Practice Problems #3, 5, 6, and 9-11 on

p.173-175 of workbook (random HW check)

 Finish Stoichiometry Assignment #2

 due Wednesday, November 8th

 Stoich Quiz on Thursday, Nov. 9th

 Limiting Reagants
 During a chemical reaction, one reactant
will usually run out first. This substance is
called the limiting reagant and stops the
formation of new products.
 An additional step is needed to compare
the moles of both reactants to find which
reagent will be used up first

usually the smallest mole amount – but be
careful and check the mole ratio amounts
 Example #5
 If you start with 25.0 grams of lead (II) nitrate and 15.0 grams of sodium
iodide, how many grams of sodium nitrate can be formed?
 Example #5 cont’d
 What is the limiting reagent?

 How much of the excess (nonlimiting) reagent will be left over from the
reaction?
 Practice Problems and Review
 Do Practice Problems #1c, 4, 5, and 7 (use answer from
#6) on p.177-178 of your workbook (random HW check)

 Finish Vocabulary Assignment


due day of unit test

 Practice for the Unit Test by doing Review Problems #2-4,

6-10 and the multiple choice test #1-6 on p.179-181 of
your workbook

 Unit Test: November ____